List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3
A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic ). The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex . The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text . The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad Codex ).[1]
The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple ) and other intentional destructions.[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts .
The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent.[3] Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts.[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo , 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.[5] [6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet . They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.[7]
The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection ") in Saint Petersburg .[4]
Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.
The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella .[8]
Masorah manuscripts
Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)
Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature
Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)
Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature[9]
Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.
Masoretic (7th–10th century)
Ben Asher Manuscripts, including several of those listed here-below (see Kahle)
The London Manuscript and the Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript , the latter also known as the "Ashkar-Gilson Hebrew Manuscript #2", both from the same scroll, dated to the 7th or 8th century.[10] The extant fragments cover Exodus 9:18–13:2 and 13:19–16:1.[11]
Codex Orientales 4445 , also known as "London Codex" in the British Library , London,[12] containing Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47–73 and Numbers 9:12–10:18).[13] and dated by colophon to 920-950 CE.[14]
Codex Cairensis (Prophets), pointed by Moses Ben Asher , dated by a colophon 895 CE, contradicted by radiocarbon dating , which indicated an 11th-century date. It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing; written in Tiberias , subsequently was in Cairo , now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem .
Codex Sassoon 1053 , 9th or 10th century, from the collection of David Solomon Sassoon , now in the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. (missing first 10 pages of Genesis)[15]
Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Latter Prophets), dated 916 CE, Russian National Library
Pentateuch of 929 (Torah) dated 929 CE, Russian National Library .[16]
Aleppo Codex , 930 CE, written in Tiberias , now deposited at Israel Museum in Jerusalem (was complete, supposedly pointed by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher , partially missing since 1958); this manuscript is the basis of the Jerusalem Crown bible.
Leningrad Codex (complete), copied from a Ben Asher manuscript, dated 1008 CE, written in Cairo , now deposited at Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg ; this manuscript is the basis of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and other editions and is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew.
Michigan Codex (Torah), 10th century[17]
Damascus Pentateuch , 10th century[18]
First Gaster Bible in the British Library , 10th century[19]
Later (11th–17th century)
Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah .
Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
Bologna Torah Scroll /Scroll 2, dated CE 1155–1255, University of Bologna Library
Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library , with Targum Onkelos , dated 11–12 century[20]
Second Gaster Bible in the British Library , 11th–12th centuries [21]
Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)[22]
Damascus Crown , written in Spain in 1260.
Cloisters Hebrew Bible ; 1300–1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.[23]
Farhi Bible , written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.[24] Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo , Syria.[25]
Rashba Bible , completed in 1383[26]
Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
Al-Ousta Codex , 14th century. Now at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
Merwas Bible (14th century)[27]
Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
Kennicott Bible , completed by Moses ibn Zabarah in A Coruña , Spain in 1476 and now in the Bodleian Library , Oxford,[28] with exact facsimiles held by several libraries.
Lisbon Bible , copied in 1483 in Lisbon , Portugal, the most accomplished codex of the Portuguese school of medieval Hebrew illumination and now in the British Library .[29]
Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
MS. de Rossi 782 , copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano .
Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)
Modern discoveries
Ketef Hinnom scrolls , late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period. Found containing material from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, including the Priestly Blessing, alongside other otherwise unknown material on small rolled silver scrolls
Nash Papyrus , dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE. A liturgy, potentially a Mezuzah, found with the 10 Commandments followed by the Shema; it is most similar to the LXX
A wine-jar seal held in the Chicago University’s collection quotes Jeremiah 48:11 as a reference to the quality of the wine contained therein. It likely dates to between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the major Masoretic texts[30]
En-Gedi Scroll , fragment of Hebrew parchment dated to 2nd century CE, discovered in 1970 containing portions of the first 2 chapters of Leviticus [31]
Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE on
Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.[32]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 1
1QIsaa
Great Isaiah Scroll
Isaiah 1:1 –31; 2 :1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24
Hebrew
356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE
Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns
[33]
1QIsab
Isaiah
cf. 1Q8
The Book of Isaiah
Hebrew
Hasmonean/Herodian
A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah
[35]
1QS
Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule "
Hebrew
cf. 4QSa-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11
1QpHab
Pesher on Habakkuk
Habakkuk 1 –2
Hebrew
Later half of the 1st century BC
Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20
[38]
1QM
Milhamah or War Scroll
Hebrew
cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?
1QHa
Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns
Hebrew
Some parts are also preserved in 1QHb and 4QHa-f
1QapGen
Genesis Apocryphon
Genesis 12:18–15:4
Aramaic
25 BCE–50 CE
[41]
CTLevi
Cairo Geniza or Testament of Levi
Aramaic
1QGen
Genesis
1Q1
Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24
Hebrew
Herodian
[43]
1QExod
Exodus
1Q2
Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[44]
1QpaleoLev
Leviticus – Numbers
1Q3
Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script
[45]
1QDeuta
Deuteronomy
1Q4
Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [47]
1QDeutb
1Q5
Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [48]
1QJudg
Judges
1Q6
Judges 6 :20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[49]
1QSam
Samuel
1Q7
2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20 :6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[50]
1QIsab
Isaiah
Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q8
Isaiah 7 :22–25; 8:1 ; 10 :17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24
Hebrew
Herodian
[35]
1QEzek
Ezekiel
Parts of 1QIsab as 1Q9
Ezekiel 4 :16–17; 5:1
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[51]
1QPsa
Psalms
1Q10
Psalm 86 :5–8; 92 :12–14; 94 :16; 95 :11–96 :2; 119 :31–34, 43–48, 77–79
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[52]
1QPsb
1Q11
Psalm 126 :6; 127 :1–5; 128 :3
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[53]
1QPsc
1Q12
Psalm 44 :3–5, 7, 9, 23–25
Hebrew
Herodian
[54]
1QPhyl
Phylactery
1Q13
Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
58 fragments from a Phylactery
[46] [56]
1QpMic
Pesher on Micah
1Q14
Hebrew
Herodian
[57]
1QpZeph
Pesher on Zephaniah
1Q15
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[58]
1QpPs
Pesher on Psalms
1Q16
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[59]
1QJuba
Jubilees
1Q17
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Jubilees
[60]
1QJubb
1Q18
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Jubilees
[61]
1QNoah
Book of Noah
1Q19
Hebrew
Herodian
Parts of the lost Book of Noah
[62]
1QapGen
Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon "
1Q20
Aramaic
Herodian
[64]
1QTLevi / 1QALD
Testament of Levi
1Q21
Aramaic
Hasmonean
Aramaic Levi Document
[66]
1QDM
"Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses"
1Q22
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[67]
1QEnGiantsa
Book of Giants
1Q23
Aramaic
Hasmonean
Enoch
[69]
1QEnGiantsb
Book of Giants
1Q24
Aramaic
Hellenistic-Roman
Enoch
[70]
1Q Apocr.Prophecy
"Apocryphal Prophecy"
1Q25
Hebrew
Herodian
[72]
1Q Instruction
"Instruction"
1Q26
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[73]
1QMyst
"The Book of Mysteries "
1Q27
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[74]
1QS or 1QSa
"Rule of the Congregation "
1Q28 (1Q28a)
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragment from "Community Rule "
[75]
1QSb
"Rule of the Blessing " or "Rule of the Benedictions "
1Q28b
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[76]
1QapocrMoses B
Apocryphon of Moses
1Q29
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
"Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire"
[77]
1Q Liturgical Text(?) A
"Liturgical Text 1"
1Q30
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[78]
1Q Liturgical Text(?) B
"Liturgical Text 2"
1Q31
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[79]
1QNJ(?)
"New Jerusalem"
1Q32
Aramaic
Herodian
cf. 11Q18
[81]
1QM
Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll " or "Milhamah"
1Q33
Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31 :8
Hebrew
30–1 BCE
Early Herodian
[46]
1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr
"Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers"
1Q34
Hebrew
Herodian
[82]
1QHb
"Hodayot " or "Thanksgiving Hymns "
1Q35
Hebrew
Herodian
[83]
1Q Hymns
"Hymns"
1Q36
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[84]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)
"Hymnic Composition"
1Q37
Hebrew
Herodian
[85]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)
"Hymnic Composition"
1Q38
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[86]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)
"Hymnic Composition"
1Q39
Hebrew
Herodian
[87]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)
"Hymnic Composition"
1Q40
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[88]
1Q41–70
1Q41–70
Hebrew
Unclassified Fragments
[89]
1QDana
Daniel
1Q71
Daniel 1 :10–17; 2 :2–6
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[90]
1QDanb
1Q72
Daniel 3 :22–30
Aramaic
Hellenistic-Roman
[91]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 2
2QGen
Genesis
2Q1
Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37
Hebrew
Herodian
[93]
2QExoda
Exodus
2Q2
Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34
[94]
2QExodb
2Q3
Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10
[95]
2QExodc
2Q4
Exodus 5:3–5
Hellenistic-Roman
[96]
2QpaleoLev
Leviticus
2Q5
Leviticus 11:22–29
Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script
[97]
2QNuma
Numbers
2Q6
Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3
Hebrew
Herodian
[98]
2QNumb
2Q7
Numbers 33:47–53
[99]
2QNumc
2Q8
Numbers 7:88
[100]
2QNumd?
2Q9
Numbers 18:8–9
Hellenistic-Roman
This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3
[101]
2QDeuta
Deuteronomy
2Q10
Deuteronomy 1:7–9
Hebrew
50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian
[46]
2QDeutb
2Q11
Deuteronomy 17:12–15
Hebrew
30 BCE – 68 CE
Herodian
[46]
2QDeutc
2Q12
Deuteronomy 10:8–12
Hebrew
1–68 CE
Late Herodian
[46]
2QJer
Jeremiah
2Q13
Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10
Hebrew
Herodian
Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42
[103]
2QPs
Psalms
2Q14
Psalm 103 :2–11; 104:6–11
[104]
2QJob
Job
2Q15
Job 33:28–30
[105]
2QRutha
Ruth
2Q16
Ruth 2 :13–23; 3 :1–8; 4 :3–4
Hebrew
Herodian
[106]
2QRuthb
2Q17
Ruth 3 :13–18
Hasmonean
[107]
2QSir
"Wisdom of Sirach " or "Ecclesiasticus "
2Q18
Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31
Hebrew
Herodian
Ben Sira
[108]
2QJuba
Book of Jubilees
2Q19
Genesis 25:7–9
Hebrew
Herodian
Jub 23:7–8
[109]
2QJubb
Book of Jubilees
2Q20
Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order)
Jub 46:1–3
[110]
2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?)
"Apocryphon of Moses "
2Q21
Hebrew
Herodian
Apocryphal writing about Moses
[111]
2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid
"Apocryphon of David "
2Q22
Hebrew
Herodian
Apocryphal writing about David
[113]
2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy
"Apocryphal Prophecy"
2Q23
Hebrew
Herodian
Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments.
[115]
2QNJ
"New Jerusalem"
2Q24
Aramaic
Herodian
Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar
[116]
2Q Juridical Text
"Juridical Text"
2Q25
Hebrew
Herodian
A juridical text
[117]
2QEnGiants
"Book of Giants " from "Enoch "
2Q26
Aramaic
Herodian
Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8
[118]
2Q27
2Q28 2Q29
2Q30 2Q31
2Q32 2Q33
2Q27
2Q28 2Q29
2Q30 2Q31
2Q32 2Q33
Unidentified Texts
[89]
2QX1
2QX1
Debris in a box
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 3
3QEzek
Ezekiel
3Q1
Ezekiel 16 :31–33
Hebrew
Herodian
[119]
3QPs
Psalms
3Q2
Psalm 2 :6–7
Hebrew
[121]
3QLam
Lamentations
3Q3
Lamentations 1 :10–12; 3:53–62
Hebrew
[122]
3QpIsa
Pesher on Isaiah
3Q4
Isaiah 1:1
Hebrew
Herodian
[123]
3QJub
Jubilees
3Q5
Hebrew
Herodian
Jubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23
[124]
3QHymn
Unidentified Hymn
3Q6
Hebrew
Herodian
Hymn of Praise
[125]
3QTJud(?)
Testament of Judah (?)
3Q7
Hebrew
Herodian
cf. 4Q484, 4Q538
[126]
3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace
3Q8
Hebrew
Herodian
Text about an Angel of Peace
[127]
3QSectarian text
3Q9
Hebrew
Herodian
Possible unidentified Sectarian text
[128]
3QUnc
Unidentified
3Q10
3Q11
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Unclassified fragments
3QUncA-B
Unclassified fragments
3Q12
3Q13
Aramaic
Hellenistic-Roman
Unclassified fragments
3QUncC
Unidentified
3Q14
Hebrew?
Hellenistic-Roman
21 unclassified fragments
[131]
3QCopScr
The Copper Scroll
3Q15
Hebrew
Roman
Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures
[132]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 4
4QGen-Exoda
Genesis –Exodus
4Q1
Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments from Genesis to Numbers
[133]
4QGenb
Genesis
4Q2
Genesis 1:1 –27; 2:14–19; 4:2–4; 5:13
Hebrew
Roman
Fragment of Genesis
[134]
4QGenc
4Q3
Genesis 40–41
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Genesis
[135]
4QGend
4Q4
Genesis 1:18–27
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation
[136]
4QGene
4Q5
Genesis 36–37; 40–43; 49
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Genesis
[137]
4QGenf
4Q6
Genesis 48:1–11
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Genesis
[138]
4QGeng
4Q7
Genesis 1:1 –11,13–22; 2:6–7
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Genesis about Creation
[139]
4QGenh /4QGenh1
4Q8
Genesis 1:8–10
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind.
[141]
4QGenh2
4Q8a
Genesis 2:17–18
[142]
4QGenh-para
4Q8b
Genesis 12:4–5
A paraphrase of Genesis
[143]
4QGenh-title
4Q8c
Genesis
The title of a Genesis manuscript
[144]
4QGenj
4Q9
Genesis 41–43; 45
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Genesis
[145]
4QGenk
4Q10
Genesis 1:9,14–16,27–28; 2:1–3; 3:1–2
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Genesis
[146]
4QpaleoGen-Exodl
Paleo-Genesis /Exodus
4Q11
Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1–5; 2:10,22–25; 3:1–4,17–21; 8:13–15, 19–21; 9:25–29, 33–35; 10:1–5; 11:4–10; 12:1–11, 42–46; 14:15–24; 16:2–7, 13–14,18–20,23–25,26–31,33–35; 17:1–3,5–11; 18:17–24; 19:24–25; 20:1–2; 22:23–24; 23:5–16; 25:7–20; 26:29–37; 27:1, 6–14; 28:33–35,40–42; 36:34–36
Hebrew
Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script
Fragments of Genesis and Exodus
[147]
4QpaleoGenm
Paleo-Genesis
4Q12
Genesis 26:21–28; Exodus 6:25–30; 7:1–19,29; 8:1,5,12–26; 9:5–16,19–21,35; 10:1–12,19–28; 11:8–10; 12:1–2,6–8,13–15,17–22,31–32,34–39; 13:3–7,12–13; 14:3–5,8–9,25–26; 15:23–27; 16:1,4–5,7–8,31–35; 17:1–16; 18:1–27; 19:1,7–17,23–25; 20:1,18–19; 21:5–6, 13–14,22–32; 22:3–4,6–7,11–13,16–30; 23:15–16,19–31; 24:1–4,6–11; 25:11–12,20–29,31–34; 26:8,15,21–30; 27:1–3,9–14,18–19; 28:3–4,8–12,22–24,26–28,30–43; 29:1–5,20,22–25,31–41; 30:10,12–18,29–31,34–38; 31:1–8,13–15; 32:2–19,25–30; 33:12–23; 34:1–3,10–13,15–18,20–24,27–28; 35:1; 36:21–24; 37:9–16
Hebrew
Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script
Fragment from Genesis
[148]
4QExodb
Exodus
4Q13
Exodus 1:1–6,16–12; 2:2–18; 3:13 – 4:8; 5:3–14
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt
[149]
4QExodc
4Q14
Exodus 7:17–19,20–23; 7:26 – 8:1; 8:5–14,16–18,22; 9:10–11,15–20,22–25,27–35; 10:1–5,7–9,12–19,23–24; 11:9–10; 12:12–16,31–48; 13:18 – 14:3; 14:3–13; 17:1 – 18:12
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Exodus
[150]
4QExodd
4Q15
Exodus 13:15–16 followed directly by 15:1
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn
[151] [152]
4QExode
4Q16
Exodus 13:3–5,15–16
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn
[150]
4QExod-Levf
Exodus –Leviticus
4Q17
Exodus 38:18–22; 39:3–19, 20–24; 40:8–27; Leviticus 1:13–15, 17–2:1
Hebrew
Early Hellenistic
Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus
[154]
4QExodg
Exodus
4Q18
Exodus 14:21–27
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Exodus
[155]
4QExodh
4Q19
Exodus 6:3–6
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Exodus
[156]
4QExodj
4Q20
Exodus 7:28–8:2
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Exodus
[157]
4QExodk
4Q21
Exodus 36:9–10
Hebrew
Roman
Fragments of Exodus
[158]
4QpaleoExodm (olim 4QExα)
Paleo-Exodus
4Q22
Exodus 6:25–7:19,29–8:1,[5],12–22; 9:5–16, 19–21, 35–10:12, 19–28; 11:8–12:2,6–8, 13–15, 17–22, 31–32, 34–39; 13:3–8, 12–13; ... 37:9–16
Hebrew
Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script
Fragments of Exodus;
[159]
4QLev-Numa
Leviticus –Numbers
4Q23
Leviticus 13:32–33; 14:22–34, 40–54; 15:10–11, 19–24; 16:15–29;... 27:5–13;...35:4–5
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Leviticus
[160]
4QLevb
Leviticus
4Q24
Leviticus 1:11–17; 2:1–15; 3:1, 8–14; 21:17–20, 24; 22:1–33; 23:1–25, 40; 24:2–23; 25:28–29, 45–49, 51–52
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Leviticus
[162]
4QLevc
4Q25
Leviticus 1:1–7; 3:16–4:6, 12–14, 23–28; 5:12–13; 8:26–28
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Fragments of Leviticus
[164]
4QLevd
4Q26
Leviticus 14:27–29, 33–36; 15:20–24; 17:2–11
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Fragments of Leviticus
[165]
4QLeve
4Q26a
Leviticus 2:4–6, 11–18; 3:2–4,5–8; 19:34–37; 20:1–3, 27–21:4, 9–12, 21–24; 22:4–6, 11–17
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Fragments of Leviticus
[89]
4QLevg
4Q26b
Leviticus 7:19–26
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Fragments of Leviticus
[89]
4QNumb
Numbers
4Q27
Numbers 11:31–12:11; 13:7–24; 15:41–16:11, 14–16; 17:12–17; 18:25–19:6; 20:12–13,16–17,19–29; 21:1–2,12–13; 22:5–21, 31–34, 37–38, 41–23:6,13–15,21–22, 27–24:10; 25:4–8,16–18; 26:1–5,7–10,12,14–34,62–27:5,7–8,10,18–19,21–23; 28:13–17,28,30–31; 29:10–13,16–18,26–30; 30:1–3,5–9,15–16; 31:2–6, 21–25, 30–33,35–36,38,43–44,46–32:1,7–10,13–17,19,23–30,35,37–39,41; 33:1–4,23,25,28,31,45,47–48,50–52; 34:4–9,19–21,23; 35:3–5,12,14–15,18–25,27–28, 33–36:2,4–7
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink
[166]
4QDeuta
Deuteronomy
4Q28
Deuteronomy 23:26–24:8
Hebrew
175–150 BCE
Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46] [167]
4QDeutb
4Q29
Deuteronomy 29:24–27; 30:3–14; 31:9–17,24–30, 32:1–3
Hebrew
150–100 BCE
Early Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46] [168]
4QDeutc
4Q30
Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3
Hebrew
150–100 BCE
Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutd
4Q31
Deuteronomy 2:24–33; 3:14–29; 4:1
Hebrew
124–75 BCE
Middle Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeute
4Q32
Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12–16,21–26; 8:1–16
Hebrew
50–25 BCE
Late Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutf
4Q33
Deuteronomy 4:23–27; 7:22–26; 8:2–14; 9:6–7; 17:17–18; 18:6–10,18–22; 19:17–21; 20:1–6; 21:4–12; 22:12–19; 23:21–26; 24:2–7; 25:3–9; 26:18–27:10
Hebrew
75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutg
4Q34
Deuteronomy 9:12–14; 23:18–20; 24:16–22; 25:1–5,14–19; 26:1–5; 28:21–25,27–29
Hebrew
1–25 CE
Middle Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeuth
4Q35
Deuteronomy 1:1–17,22–23,29–41,43–2:6,28–30; 19:21; 31:9–11; 33:9–22
Hebrew
50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeuti
4Q36
Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1
Hebrew
100–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutj
4Q37
Exodus 12:43–44, 46–51; 13:1–5; Deuteronomy 5:1–11, 13–15, 21–33; 6:1–3; 8:5–10; 11:6–10, 12–13; 30:17–18; 32:7–8
Hebrew
50 CE
Late Herodian
Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutk1
4Q38
Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27
Hebrew
30–1 BCE
Early Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46] [171]
4QDeutk2
4Q38a
Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1
Hebrew
30–1 BCE
Early Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46] [171]
4QDeutk3
4Q38b
Deuteronomy 30: 16–18
Hebrew
50 CE
Late Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[171]
4QDeutl
4Q39
Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8
Hebrew
50 CE
Late Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death
[46]
4QDeutm
4Q40
Deuteronomy 3:18–22; 4:32–33; 7:18–22
Hebrew
50–1 BCE
Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutn
All Souls Deuteronomy
4Q41
Deuteronomy 5:1–33; 6:1; 8:5–10
Hebrew
30–1 BCE
Early Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeuto
Deuteronomy
4Q42
Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25
Hebrew
75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QDeutp
4Q43
Deuteronomy 6:4–11
Hebrew
75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean
Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God
[46]
4QDeutq
4Q44
Deuteronomy 32:9–10, 37–43
Hebrew
50 BCE–25 CE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QpaleoDeutr
Paleo-Deuteronomy
4Q45
Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2
Hebrew
100–25 BCE
Paleo-Hebrew script
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46]
4QpaleoDeuts
4Q46
Deuteronomy 26:14–15
Hebrew
250–200 BCE
Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script
Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes
[46]
4QJosha
Joshua
4Q47
Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18?; 10:2–5, 8–11.
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Joshua
[173]
4QJoshb
4Q48
Joshua 2:11–12; 3:15–16; 4:1–3; 17:11–15
[175]
4QJudga
Judges
4Q49
Judges 6:2–6, 11–13
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Judges
[177]
4QJudgb
4Q50
Judges 19:5–7; 21:12–25
[178]
4QSama
Samuel
4Q51
1 Samuel 1:9, 11–13, 17–18, 22–26, 28; 2:1–10,16–36; 3:1–4,18–21; 4:9–12; 5:8–12; 6:1–7,12–13,16–18,20–21; 7:1; 8:9–20; 9:6–8,11–12,16–24; 10:3–18,25–27; 11:1,7–12; 12:7–8,14–19; 14:24–25,28–34,47–51; 15:24–32; 17:3–6; 24:4–5,8–9,14–23; 25:3–12,20–21,25–26,39–40; 26:10–12,21–23; 27:8–12; 28:1–2,22–25; 30:28–30; 31:2–4; 2 Samuel 2:5–16,25–27,29–32; 3:1–8,23–39; 4:1–4,9–12; 5:1–3,6–16; 6:2–9,12–18; 7:23–29; 8:2–8; 10:4–7,18–19; 11:2–12,16–20; 12:4–5,8–9,13–20,30–31; 13:1–6,13–34,36–39; 14:1–3,18–19; 15:1–6,27–31; 16:1–2,11–13,17–18,21–23; 18:2–7,9–11; 19:7–12; 20:2–3,9–14,23–26; 21:1–2,4–6,15–17; 22:30–51; 23:1–6; 24:16–20
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel
[179]
4QSamb
4Q52
1 Samuel 16:1–11; 19:10–17; 20:27–42; 21:1–10; 23:9–17
Hebrew
Early Hellenistic
Fragments of 1 Samuel
[180]
4QSamc
4Q53
1 Samuel 25:30–32; 2 Samuel 14:7–33; 15:1–15
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel
[181]
4QKgs
Kings
4Q54
1 Kings 7:31–41; 8:1–9,16–18
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of 1 Kings
[182]
4QIsaa
Isaiah
4Q55
Isaiah 1 :1–3; 2 :7–10; 4:5–6; 6:4–7; 11:12–15; 12:4–6; 13:4–6; 17:9–14; 19:9–14; 20:1–6; 21:1–2,4–16; 22:13–25; 23:1–12
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Isaiah
[184]
4QIsab
4Q56
Isaiah 1 :1–6; 2 :3–16; 3 :14–22; 5 :15–28; 9:10–11; 11:7–9; 12:2; 13:3–18; 17:8–14; 18:1,5–7; 19:1–25; 20:1–4; 21:11–14; 22:24–25; 24:2; 26:1–5,7–19; 35:9–10; 36:1–2; 37:2932; 39:1–8; 40:1–4,22–26; 41:8–11; 43:12–15; 44:19–28; 45:20–25; 46:1–3; 49:21–23; 51:14–16; 52:2,7; 53:11–12; 61:1–3; 64:5–11; 65:1; 66:24
Hebrew
Herodian
[185]
4QIsac
4Q57
Isaiah 9 :3–12; 10:23–32; 11:4–11,15–16; 12:1; 14:1–5,13; 22:10–14; 23:8–18; 24:1–15,19–23; 25:1–2,8–12; 30:8–17; 33:2–8,16–23; 45:1–4,6–13; 48:10–13,17–19; 50:7–11; 51:1–16; 52:10–15; 53:1–3,6–8; 54:3–17; 55:1–6; 66:20–24
Hebrew
[186]
4QIsad
4Q58
Isaiah 46 :10–13; 47 :1–6,8–9; 48 :8–22; 49 :1–15; 52:4–7; 53:8–12; 54:1–11; 57:9–21; 58:1–3,5–7
Hebrew
[187]
4QIsae
4Q59
Isaiah 2 :1–4; 7:17–20; 8:2–14; 9:17–20; 10:1–10; 11:14–15; 12:1–6; 13:1–4; 14:1–13,20–24; 59:15–16
Hebrew
[188]
4QIsaf
4Q60
Isaiah 1 :10–16,18–31; 2 :1–3; 5:13–14, 25; 6:3–8,10–13; 7:16–18,23–25; 8:1,4–11; 20:4–6; 22:14–22,25; 24:1–3; 27:1,5–6,8–12; 28:6–9,16–18,22,24; 29 :8
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[189]
4QIsag
4Q61
Isaiah 42 :14–25; 43 :1–4,17–24
Hebrew
Herodian
[190]
4QIsah
4Q61
Isaiah 42 :4–11
Hebrew
Herodian
4QIsai
4Q62
Isaiah 56 :7–8; 57 :5–8
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[192]
4QIsaj
4Q63
Isaiah 1 :1–6
Hebrew
Herodian
[193]
4QIsak
4Q64
Isaiah 28 :26–29 :9
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[194]
4QIsal
4Q65
Isaiah 7 :14–15; 8 :11–14
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[195]
4QIsam
4Q66
Isaiah 60 :20–61 :1,3–6
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[196]
4QIsan
Isaiah
4Q67
Isaiah 58 :13–14
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a).
[197]
4QIsao
4Q68
Isaiah 14 :28–15 :2
[198]
4QIsap
4Q69
Isaiah 5 :28–30
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[199] [200]
4QIsaq
4Q69a
Isaiah 54 :10–13
[200]
4QIsar
4Q69b
Isaiah 30 :23
[200]
4QJera
Jeremiah
4Q70
Jeremiah 6 :30?, 7:1–2, 15–19, 28–9:2, 7–15; 10:9–14, 23; 11:3–6, 19–20; 12:3–7, 13–16, 17; 13:1–7, 22–23? [or 22:3], 27; 14:4–7; 15:1–2; 17:8–26; 18:15–23; 19:1; 20:14–18; 21:1?; 22:3–16; 26:10?
Hebrew
200 BCE – 1 BCE
Fragments of Jeremiah
[201] [202]
4QJerb
4Q71
Jeremiah 9 :22–25; 10 :1–21
[201] [202]
4QJerc
4Q72
Jeremiah 4 :5, 13–16; 8:1–3, 21–23; 9:1–5; 10:12–13; 19:8–9; 20:2–5, 7–9, 13–15; 21:7–10; 22:4–6, 10–28; 25:7–8,15–17, 24–26; 26:10–13; 27:1–3, 13–15; 30:6–9, [10–17], 17–24; 31:1–14, 19–26; 33:?, 16–20
[201] [202]
4QJerd (olim 4QJerb )
4Q72a
Jeremiah 43 :2–10
[201] [202]
4QJere (olim 4QJerb )
4Q72b
Jeremiah 50 :4–6
[201] [202]
4QEzea
Ezekiel
4Q73
Ezekiel 10 :5–16, 17–22; 11:1–11; 23:14–15, 17–18, 44–47; 41:3–6
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Ezekiel
[204]
4QEzeb
4Q74
Ezekiel 1 :10–13, 16–17, 19–24
[205] [206]
4QEzec
4Q75
Ezekiel 24:2–3
[207]
4QXIIa
The Twelve Minor Prophets
4Q76
Zechariah 14 :18; Malachi 2 :10–3:24; Jonah 1 :1–5, 7–2:1, 7; 3:2
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets
[208]
4QXIIb
4Q77
Zephaniah 1 :1–2; 2:13–15; 3:19–20; Haggai 1 :1–2; 2:2–4
[209]
4QXIIc
4Q78
Hosea 2 :13–15; 3:2–4; 4:1–19; 5:1; 7:12–13; 13:3–10, 15; 14:1–6; Joel 1 :10–20; 2:1, 8–23; 4:6–21; Amos 1 :1?; 2:11–16; 3:1–15; 4:1–2; 6:13–14; 7:1–16; Zephaniah 2 :15; 3:1–2; Malachi 3 :6–7?
[210]
4QXIId
4Q79
Hosea 1 :6–2:5
[212]
4QXIIe
4Q80
Haggai 2 :18–19, 20–21; Zechariah 1 :4–6, 8–10, 13–15; 2:10–14; 3:2–10; 4:1–4; 5:8–6:5; 8:2–4, 6–7, 12:7–12
[213]
4QXIIf
4Q81
Jonah 1 :6–8, 10–16; Micah 5 :1–2
[214]
4QXIIg
4Q82
Hosea 2 :1–5,14–19, 22–25; 3:1–5; 4:1, 10–11, 13–14; 6:3–4, 8–11; 7:1, 12–13, 13–16; 8:1; 9:1–4, 9–17; 10:1–14; 11:2–5, 6–11; 12:1–15; 13:1, 6–8?, 11–13; 14:9–10; Joel 1 :12–14; 2:2–13 4:4–9, 11–14, 17, 19–20; Amos 1 :3–15; 2:1, 7–9, 15–16; 3:1–2; 4:4–9; 5:1–2, 9–18; 6:1–4, 6–14; 7:1, 7–12, 14–17; 8:1–5, 11–14; 9:1, 5–6, 14–15; Obadiah 1–5, 8–12, 14–15; Jonah 1 :1–9; 2:3–11; 3:1–3; 4:5–11; Micah 1 :7,
12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1 :7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2 :4?;
Zephaniah 3 :3–5; Zechariah 10 :11–12; 11:1–2; 12:1–3
[215]
4QPsa
Psalms
4Q83
Psalm 5 :9–13; 6 :1–4; 25 :15; 31 :24–25; 33 :1–12; 35 :2,14–20,26–28; 36 :1–9; 38 :2–12,16–23; 47 :2; 53 :4–7; 54 :1–6; 56 :4; 62 :13; 63 :2–4; 66 :16–20; 67 :1–7; 69 :1–19; 71 :1–14
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Psalms.
[216]
4QPsb
4Q84
Psalm 91 :5–8,12–15; 92 :4–8,13–15; 93 :5; 94 :1–4,8–14,17–18,21–22; 96 :2; 98 :4; 99 :5–6; 100 :1–2; 102 :5,10–29; 103 :1–6,9–14,20–21; 112 :4–5; 113 :1; 115 :2–3; 116 :17–19; 118 :1–3,6–11,18–20,23–26,29
Hebrew
Herodian
[217]
4QPsc & 4QPst [n 1]
4Q85 / 4Q98c
Psalm 16 :7–9; 18 :3–14,16–18,33–41; 27 :12–14; 28 :1–2,4; 35 :27–28; 37 :18–19; 45 :8–11; 49 :1–17; 50 :14–23; 51 :1–5; 52 :6–11; 53 :1 Psalm 88 :15–17
Hebrew
Herodian
[219] [220]
4QPsd
4Q86
Psalm 146 :10; 147 :1–3,13–17,20; 104 :1–5,8–11,14–15,22–25,33–35
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[222]
4QPse
4Q87
Psalm 76 :10–12; 77:1; 78:6–7,31–33; 81:2–3; 86:10–11; 88:1–4; 89:44–46,50–53; 104:1–3,20–21; 105:22–24,36–45; 109:13; 115:15–18; 116:1–3; 120:6; 125:2–5; 126:1–5; 129:8; 130:1–3
Hebrew
Herodian
[223]
4QPsf
4Q88
Psalm 22 :14–17; 107 :2–4,8–11,13–15,18–19,22–30,35; 109 :4–6, 25–28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[224]
4QPsg
4Q89
Psalm 119 :37–43,44–46,49–50,73,81–83,90
Hebrew
Herodian
[225]
4QPsh
4Q90
Psalm 119 :10–21
Hebrew
Herodian
[226]
4QPsj
4Q91
Psalm 48 :1–7; 49 :6,9–12,15,17
Hebrew
Herodian
[227]
4QPsk
4Q92
Psalm 26 :7–12; 27 :1; 30 :9–13; 135 :7–16;
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[228]
4QPsl
4Q93
Psalm 104 :3–5,11–12
Hebrew
Herodian
[229]
4QPsm
4Q94
Psalm 93 :3–5; 95:3–6; 97:6–9; 98:4–8
Hebrew
Herodian
[230]
4QPsn
4Q95
Psalm 135 :6–9,11–12; 136:23–24
Hebrew
Herodian
[231]
4QPso
4Q96
Psalm 114 :7; 115:1–2,4; 116:3, 5, 7–10
Hebrew
Herodian
[232]
4QPsp (olim 4Q237)
4Q97
Psalm 143 :2–4, 6–8
Hebrew
Herodian
[233]
4QPsq
Psalms
4Q98
Psalm 31 :24–25; 33 :1–18; 35 :4–20
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f).
4QPsr
4Q98a
Psalm 26 :7–12; 27 :1; 30 :9–13
[234]
4QPss
4Q98b
Psalm 5 :8–13; 6 :1
*4QPst (see 4QPsc )
*4Q98c
Psalm 88 :15–17
4QPsu
4Q98d
Psalm 42 :5
4QPsv (olim 4QPsu frg. 2)
4Q98e
Psalm 99 :1
4QPsw
4Q98f
Psalm 112 :1–9
4QPsx (olim 4Q236)
4Q98g
Psalm 89 :20–22, 26, 23, 27–28, 31
4QJoba
Job
4Q99
Job 31:14–19; 32:3–4; 33:10–11, 24–26, 28–30; 35:16; 36:7–11, 13–27, 32–33; 37:1–5, 14–15
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Job
[235]
4QJobb
4Q100
Job 8:15–17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4–6; 31:20–21
Herodian
[237]
4QpaleoJobc
Paleo-Job
4Q101
Job 13:18–20, 23–27; 14:13–18
Hebrew
Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script
Fragment of Job
[238]
4QProva
Proverbs
4Q102
Proverbs 1:27–33; 2:1
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Proverbs
[239]
4QProvb
4Q103
Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11?
Hebrew
Herodian
[240]
4QRutha
Ruth
4Q104
Ruth 1 :1–12
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Ruth
[241]
4QRuthb
4Q105
Ruth 1:1–6, 12–15
Hebrew
Herodian
[242]
4QCanta
Canticles (Song of Songs)
4Q106
Song of Songs 3 :4–5, 7–11; 4 :1–7; 6 :11?–12; 7 :1–7
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106).
[243]
4QCantb
4Q107
Song of Songs 2 :9–17; 3:1–2, 5, 9–11; 4:1–3, 8–11, 14–16; 5:1
Hebrew
Herodian
[244]
4QCantc
4Q108
Song of Songs 3 :7–8
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[245]
4QQoha
Ecclesiastes
4Q109
Ecclesiastes 5:13–17; 6:1?,3–8,12; 7:1–10,19–20
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Ecclesiastes
[247]
4QQohb
4Q110
Ecclesiastes 1:10–15
Hebrew
Herodian
[248]
4QLam
Lamentations
4Q111
Lamentations 1 :1–15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of Lamentations
[249]
4QDana
Daniel
4Q112
Daniel 1:16–20; 2:9–11, 19–49; 3:1–2; 4:29–30; 5:5–7, 12–14, 16–19; 7:5–7, 25–28; 8:1–5; 10:16–20; 11:13–16
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Daniel
[250]
4QDanb
4Q113
Daniel 5:10–12, 14–16, 19–22; 6:8–22, 27–29; 7:1–6, 11?, 26–28; 8:1–8, 13–16
Hebrew
Herodian
[251]
4QDanc
4Q114
Daniel 10:5–9, 11–16, 21; 11:1–2, 13–17, 25–29
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[252]
4QDand
4Q115
Daniel 3:8–10?, 23–25; 4:5–9, 12–16; 7:15–23
Hebrew
Herodian
[253]
4QDane
4Q116
Daniel 9:12–17
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[254]
4QEzra
Ezra
4Q117
Ezra 4:2–6, 9–11; 5:17; 6:1–5
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah
[255]
4QChr/4QChron
Chronicles
4Q118
2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1–3
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments of 2 Chronicles
[256]
4QLXXLeva gr
Septuagint Leviticus
4Q119
Leviticus 26:2–16
Greek
Hasmonean
Fragments of Leviticus
[258]
4QpapLXXLevb / pap4QLXXLevb gr
4Q120
Leviticus 1:11; 2:3–5, 7–8?; 3:4, 7, 9–14; 4:3–4, 6–8, 10–11, 18–19, 26–28, 30; 5:6, 8–10, 16–24; [6:1–5]
Greek
Hasmonean
97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΙΑΩ for the tetragrammaton
[259]
4QLXXNumb gr
Septuagint Numbers
4Q121
Numbers 3:40–43,50–51?; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39?
Greek
Herodian
Fragments of Numbers
[260]
4QLXXDeut gr
Septuagint Deuteronomy
4Q122
Deuteronomy 11:4
Greek
Early Hellenistic
Fragments of Deuteronomy
[46] [261]
4QpaleoparaJosh
Paraphrase on Joshua
4Q123
Joshua
Hebrew
Paleo-Hebrew script
"Rewritten Joshua"
[262]
4QUnid gr
Unidentified text
4Q126
—
Greek
Herodian
Fragmentary religious text
[263] [264]
4Qpap paraExod / pap4QParaExod gr
Paraphrase on Exodus
4Q127
Exodus
Greek
Herodian
"Rewritten Exodus"
[265]
4Qphyla
Phylactery Scrolls
4Q128
Deuteronomy 5:1–14,27–6:3; 10:12–11:21; Exodus 12:43–13:7
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus.
[46] [267]
4Qphylb
4Q129
Exodus 13:9–16
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [269]
4Qphylc
4Q130
Exodus 13:13–16; Deuteronomy 6:4–9; 11:13–21
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [270]
4Qphyld
4Q131
Deuteronomy 11:13–21
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [271]
4Qphyle
4Q132
Exodus 13:1–10
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[272]
4Qphylf
4Q133
Exodus 13:11–16
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[273]
4Qphylg
4Q134
Deuteronomy 5:1–21; Exodus 13:11–12
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [274]
4Qphylh
4Q135
Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5; Exodus 13:14–16
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [275]
4Qphyli
4Q136
Deuteronomy 6:6–7; 11:13–21; Exodus 12:43–13:10
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [276]
4Qphylj (olim 4Qphyla )
4Q137
Deuteronomy 5:24–32; 6:2–3
Hebrew
[46]
4Qphylk
4Q138
Deuteronomy 10:12–11:17
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [278]
4Qphyll
4Q139
Deuteronomy 5:7–24
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [279]
4Qphylm
4Q140
Exodus 12:44–13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33–6:5
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [280]
4Qphyln
4Q141
Deuteronomy 32:14–20, 32–33
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [281]
4Qphylo
4Q142
Deuteronomy 5:1–16, 6:7–9
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [282]
4Qphylp
4Q143
Deuteronomy 10:22–11:3,18–21
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [283]
4Qphylq
4Q144
Exodus 13:4–9; Deuteronomy 11:4–18
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [284]
4Qphylr
4Q145
Exodus 13:1–10
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[285]
4QPhyls
4Q146
Deuteronomy 11:19–21
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[46] [286]
4Qphylt
4Q147
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Could not be deciphered
[287]
4Qphylu
4Q148
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[288]
4QMeza
Mezuzah Scrolls
4Q149
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy
[290]
4QMezb
4Q150
Deuteronomy 6:5–6; 10:14–11:2
Hebrew
Herodian
[292]
4QMezc
4Q151
Deuteronomy 5:27–6:9; 10:12–20
Hebrew
Herodian
[293]
4QMezd
4Q152
Deuteronomy 6:5–7
Hebrew
Herodian
[294]
4QMeze
4Q153
Deuteronomy 11:17–18
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[295]
4QMezf
4Q154
Deuteronomy 13:1–4
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[296]
4QMezg
4Q155
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[297]
4QtgLev
Targum of Leviticus
4Q156
Leviticus 16:12–15,18–21
Aramaic
Hasmonean
Fragments of Leviticus
[298] [299]
4QtgJob
Targum of Job
4Q157
Job 3:5–6; 4:17–5:4
Aramaic
Herodian
Fragments of Job
[298] [301]
4QRPa
Reworked Pentateuch A
4Q158
Genesis 32:25–30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27–28; 19:17–23; 24:4–6; 20:12–17,19–21 (Samaritan), 22–26; 21:15–25, 32–37; 22:1–13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30–31; 21:1–10
Hebrew
Herodian
Reworked Pentateuch
[46] [302] [303]
4QOrdinancesa
Ordinances A
4Q159
Hebrew
Herodian
Non-biblical composition
[305]
4QVisSam
Vision of Samuel
4Q160
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Non-biblical composition
[306]
4QpIsaiaha
Pesher on Isaiah
4Q161
Hebrew
Herodian
Non-biblical composition
[307]
4QpIsaiahb
4Q162
Hebrew
Herodian
Non-biblical composition
[308]
4QpHosA
Pesher on Hosea A
4Q166
Hebrew
Herodian
Hosea Commentary Scroll
[309] [311]
4QpHosB
Pesher on Hosea B
4Q167
Hebrew
Herodian
[312]
4QpMic(?)
Pesher on Micah ?
4Q168
Hebrew
Herodian
Micah Commentary?
[313]
4QpNah
Pesher on Nahum
4Q169
Nahum 1:3–6; 2:12–14; 3:1–5, 6–9, 10–12, 14
Hebrew
Herodian
Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things "
[314]
4Q Eschatological Commentary A
Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days
4Q174
2 Samuel 7:10–14 (1 Chronicles 17:9–13); Exodus 15:17–18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21
Hebrew
Herodian
Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary
[316]
4QTest
Testimonia
4Q175
Deuteronomy 5:28–29; 18:18–19; 33:8–11
Numbers 24:15–17
Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22)
Hebrew
Herodian; Hasmonean script
A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia
[46] [317]
4QapocrLamA
Apocryphal Lamentations A
4Q179
Lamentations
Hebrew
Herodian
cf. 4Q501
[318]
4Q Horoscope
Physiognomies /Horoscopes
4Q186
Hebrew
Herodian
[319]
4QpapTobita
Tobit
4Q196
Tobit
Aramaic
Hasmonean
On Papyrus . cf. 4Q501
[320]
4QTobitb
Tobit
4Q197
Tobit
Aramaic
Herodian
cf. 4Q501
[321]
4QTobitc
Tobit
4Q198
Tobit
Aramaic
Hasmonean
cf. 4Q501
[322]
4QTobitd
Tobit
4Q199
Tobit
Aramaic
Hasmonean
cf. 4Q501
[323]
4QTobite
Tobit
4Q200
Tobit
Hebrew
Herodian
cf. 4Q501
[324]
4QEna
The Enoch Scroll
4Q201a
Aramaic
Hasmonean
[309] [325]
4QALD / 4QLevia-f ar
The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD)
4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b
Aramaic
Hasmonean
Multiple compositions
4QTNaph
Testament of Naphtali
4Q215
Hebrew
Herodian
[328]
4QCanta (?)
Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs
4Q240
Song of Songs
Hebrew
Herodian
Included in Milik 's original list, but this fragment has never been located
[329]
4QapocrDan
Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text
4Q246
Aramaic
Herodian
[330]
4QCommentary on Gen A /4QCommGenA
Commentary/Pesher on Genesis
4Q252
Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragments/ commentary of Genesis.
[332]
4QCommentary on Gen B /4QCommGenB
4Q253
Genesis
Hebrew
Herodian
[333]
4QCommentary on Gen C /4QCommGenC
4Q254
Genesis 9:24–25; 22:5?, 17?
Hebrew
Herodian
[334]
4QCommentary on Gen D (olim 4QpGenc )
4Q254a –820
Genesis 6:15
Hebrew
Herodian
[335]
4QSd
Serekh ha-Yahad or Community Rule
4Q258
Hebrew
Herodian
cf. 1QSd
[336]
4QD
The Damascus Document
4Q265–273
Hebrew
Hasmonean
cf. 4QDa/g = 4Q266/272, 4QDa/e = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265–73
[89]
4Q Sefer ha-Milhamah
Rule of War
4Q285
Hebrew
Herodian
cf. 11Q14
[337]
4QMysta
The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets
4Q299
Hebrew
Herodian
[338]
4QMystb
4Q300
Hebrew
Herodian
[339]
4QMystc
The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets
4Q301
Hebrew
Herodian
[340]
4QRPb
Reworked Pentateuch
4Q364
Genesis 25:18–21; 26:7–8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32–33; 30:8–14,26–36; 31:47–53; 32:18–20,26–30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7–8; 38:14–21; 44:30–34; 45:1,21–27; 48:14–15; Exodus 21:14–22; 19:17; 24:12–14,18; 25:1–2; 26:1,33–35; Numbers 14:16–20; 33:31–49; 20:17–18; Deuteronomy 2:8–14, 30–37; 3:2,18–23; 9:6–7,12–18, 21–25,27–29; 10:1–4, 6–7, 10–13,22; 11:1–2,6–9,23–24; 14:24–26
Hebrew
Late Hasmonean or Herodian
Reworked Pentateuch
[46] [302] [342]
4QRPc
4Q365
Exodus 8:13–19; 9:9–12; 10:19–20; 14:10,12–21; 15:6-[21],22–26; 17:3–5; 18:13–16; 26:34–36; 28:16–20; 29:20–22; 30:27–38; 31:1–2; 35:[2]–5; 36:32–38; 37:29; 38:1–7; 39:1–19; Leviticus 11:1[3],17-[25],32-[33],[39]-[46]; 13:6–8,15-[19],51–52; 16:6–7; 18:[25]-[29]; 23:42–44; 24:1–2; 25:7–9; 26:17–32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1–5; 3:26–30; 4:47–49; 7:1,78–80; 8:11–12; 9:15–23; 10:1-[4]; 13:[11]–25,[28]–30; 15:26-[29]; 17:20–24; 27:11; 36:1–2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20–21; 20:1
Hebrew
Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian
[46] [302] [344]
4QRPd
4Q366
Exodus 21;35–37; 22:1–5; Leviticus 24:20–22; 25:39–43; Numbers 29:14-[25], 32–39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; 14:[13]–21
Hebrew
Herodian
[46] [302] [345]
4QRPe
4Q367
Leviticus 11:47; 12:1–8; 13:1; 15:14–15; 19:1–4,9–15; 20:13; 27:30–34
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[302] [346]
4QapocrJosha
Apocryphon of Joshua
4Q378
Hebrew
Herodian
Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers.
[347]
4QapocrJoshb
4Q379
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[348]
4QpsEzek
Pseudo-Ezekiel
4Q385 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 4Q388 4Q391
Hebrew
Herodian
[349]
4QMMT /4Q Cal.Doc.D
Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-Torah or Some Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter
4Q394–399
Hebrew
Herodian
[350]
4Q Non-Canonical Psalms A
Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy
4Q400–407
Hebrew
Hasmonean
cf. 11Q5–6
[351]
4QInstruction
Sapiential Work A
4Q415–418
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
4QParaphrase
Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus
Hebrew
4Q Barkhi Nafshia
Barkhi Nafshi – Apocryphal Psalms
4Q434
Hebrew
Herodian
15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks
[352]
4Q Apocr. Psalm and Prayer
Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll
4Q448
Psalms 154
Hebrew
Hasmonean
In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan ".
[89]
4QpapGen or papJub
pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees
4Q483
Genesis 1:28–29, or Book of Jubilees
Hebrew
Herodian
[353]
4QShira-b
Songs of the Sage or Songs of the Maskil
4Q510–511
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
4Q Messianic Apocalypse
Messianic Apocalypse
4Q521
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Made up of two fragments
[354]
4Q Jonathan
4Q523
Hebrew
Hasmonean
MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944
[355] [356]
4QTempleScrollb
Temple Scroll
4Q524
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[89]
4QBeatitudes
4Q525
Sirach 25:10;[358] Matthew 5:3 –12 (Beatitudes )
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
4Q TJoseph
Testament of Joseph
4Q539
Aramaic
Hasmonean
[359]
4QapocrLevi(?)b
Testament of Levi d
4Q541
Aramaic
Hasmonean
Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levib ar"
[360]
4QTKohath (4QTQahat)
Testament of Qahat
4Q542
Aramaic
Hasmonean
[361]
4QNJc
New Jerusalem
4Q555
Aramaic
Herodian
cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18
[362]
4QGenn
Genesis
4Q576
Genesis 34:7–10; 50:3
Hebrew
Hasmonean
[89]
Unnumbered
Hebrew
Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage
[363]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 6
6QpaleoGen
Genesis
6Q1
Genesis 6:13–21
Hebrew
Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script
[383]
6QpaleoLev
Leviticus
6Q2
Leviticus 8:12–13
Hebrew
Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script
[384]
pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?)
Deuteronomy
6Q3
Deuteronomy 26:19
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus
[46] [385]
6QpapKgs
Kings
6Q4
1 Kings 3 :12–14; 12 :28–31; 22:28–31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8–10,20; 8:1–5; 9:1–2; 10:19–21
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Made up of 94 Fragments.
[386]
pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?)
Psalms
6Q5
Psalm 78 :36–37
Hebrew
Herodian
[388]
6QCant
Song of Songs
6Q6
Song of Songs 1 :1–7
Hebrew
Herodian
[389]
6QpapDan
Daniel
6Q7
Daniel 8 :20–21; 10:8–16; 11:33–36,38; 8:16–17
Hebrew
Herodian
13 papyrus fragments.
[390]
6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants
Book of Giants from Enoch
6Q8
Aramaic
Herodian
Part of the "Book of Giants"
[391]
6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs
Apocryphon on Samuel –Kings
6Q9
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Samuel–Kings apocryphon. Written on papyrus.
[392]
6QpapaProph or pap6QProph
Unidentified prophetic fragment
6Q10
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Prophetic text. Written in papyrus
[393]
6QAllegory
Allegory of the Vine
6Q11
Hebrew
Herodian
Fragment containing an Allegory mentioning a vine
[394]
6QapProph
An apocryphal prophecy
6Q12
Herodian
[395]
6QPriestProph
Priestly Prophecy
6Q13
Herodian
A priestly prophecy
[396]
6Q Apocalypse
Apocalyptic text
6Q14
Aramaic
Herodian
Two fragments with apocalyptic text
[397]
6QD
Damascus Document
6Q15
Hebrew
Herodian
Damascus Document 4:19–21; 5:13–14,18–21; 6:1–2,20–21; 7:1
[398]
6QpapBened or pap6QBen
papBenediction
6Q16
Herodian
Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus
[400]
6QCalDoc
Calendrical Document
6Q17
Herodian
Calendric fragment
[401]
pap6QHymn
Hymn
6Q18
Herodian
Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM
[402]
6Q Text Related to Genesis
Genesis
6Q19
Possibly from Genesis
Aramaic
Herodian
Related to Genesis 10:6,20
[403]
6QDeut(?)
Deuteronomy
6Q20
Possibly from Deuteronomy
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
Related to Deuteronomy 11:10
[404]
6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text
Possibly prophetic text
6Q21
Hebrew
Herodian
Prophetic fragment containing 5 words.
[405]
pap6QUnidA
Unclassified fragments
6Q22
Hebrew
Herodian
[406]
pap6QUnidA ar
Unclassified fragments
6Q23
Aramaic
Herodian
Related to "Words of the Book of Michael"
[407]
6QUnidB
Unclassified fragments
6Q24
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[408]
6QUnidB
Unclassified fragments
6Q25
Aramaic
Herodian
[409]
6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract
Accounts or contracts
6Q26
Aramaic
Hellenistic-Roman
[410]
6QUnidB
Unclassified fragments
6Q27–6Q28
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
6QpapProv
Proverbs
6Q30
Proverbs 11:4b–7a,10b
Hebrew
Roman
Single six-line fragment
[411]
6QUnidB
Unclassified fragments
6Q31
Aramaic
Herodian
[412]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 7
7QpapLXXExod
Exodus
7Q1
Exodus 28:4–7
Greek
Hasmonean
Greek fragment of Exodus
[413]
7QpapEpJer
Letter of Jeremiah
7Q2
Letter of Jeremiah verses 43–44
Greek
Hasmonean
Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus.
[414]
7Q3
Unidentified
7Q3
Greek
Herodian
Unknown biblical text
[415]
7Q4
Unidentified
7Q4
Greek
Hasmonean
Unknown biblical text
[416]
7Q5
Unidentified
7Q5
Greek
Herodian
Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53
[417]
7Q6–18
Unidentified
7Q6–18
Greek
Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian
Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus
[89]
7Q papImprint
Unidentified
7Q19
Greek
Herodian
Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus
[418]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 8
8QGen
Genesis
8Q1
Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
8QPs
Psalms
8Q2
Psalm 17 :5–9, 14; 18 :5–12
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
8QPhyl
Phylacteries
8Q3
Exodus 13:1–16; 12:43–51; 20:11
Deuteronomy 6:4–5; 6:1–3; 10:20–22; 10:12–19; 5:1–14; 10:13; 11:2–3; 10:21–22; 11:1; 11:6–12
Hebrew
1–100 CE
Herodian
Fragments from a "Phylactery"
[46]
8QMez
Mezuzah
8Q4
Deuteronomy 10:1–11:21
Hebrew
30 BCE–68 CE
Herodian
[46]
8QHymn
Unidentified hymn
8Q5
Hebrew
Herodian
Non-biblical composition.
[89]
Fragment or scroll identifier
Fragment or scroll name
Alternative identifier
English Bible Association
Language
Date/script
Description
Reference
Qumran Cave 11
11QpaleoLev a
Paleo-Leviticusa
11Q1
Leviticus 4:24–26; 10:4–7; 11:27–32; 13:3–9; 13:39–43; 14:16–21; 14:52–15:5; 16:2–4; 16:34–17:5; 18:27–19:4; 20:1–6; 21:6–11; 22:21–27; 23:22–29; 24:9–14; 25:28–36; 26:17–26; 27:11–19
Hebrew
Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script
[89]
11QLevb
Leviticusb
11Q2
Leviticus
Hebrew
Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script
[89]
11QDeut
Deuteronomy
11Q3
Deuteronomy 1:4–5; 2:28–30
Hebrew
50 CE
Late Herodian
[46]
11QEzek
Ezekiel
11Q4
Ezekiel
Hebrew
Herodian
[420]
11QPs
The Great Psalms Scroll
11Q5
Psalms
Hebrew
Herodian
A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions.
[89]
11QPsa
Psalms
11Q5
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QPsb
11Q6
Psalm 77 :18–21; 78 :1; 109 :3–4; 118:1; 118 :15–16; 119 :163–165; 133 :1–3; 141 :10; 144 :1–2
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QPsc
11Q7
Psalm 2 :1–8; 9 :3–7; 12 :5–9; 13 :1–6; 14 :1–6; 17 :9–15; 18 :1–12; 19 :4–8; 25 :2–7
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QPsd
11Q8
Psalm 6 :2–4; 9 :3–6; 18 :26–29; 18:39–42; 36 :13; 37 :1–4; 39 :13–14; 40 :1; 43 :1–3; 45 :6–8; 59 :5–8; 68 :1–5; 68:14–18; 78 :5–12; 81 :4–9; 86 :11–14; 115 :16–18; 116 :1
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QPse
11Q9
Psalm 50 :3–7
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QtgJob
Targum Job
11Q10
Job
Aramaic
Herodian
A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably.
[89]
11QapocrPs
Apocryphal Psalms
11Q11
Psalm 91
Hebrew
Herodian
Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms 91
[89]
11QJub
Jubilees
11Q12
Hebrew
Herodian
Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6–11; 4:13–14; 4:16–17; 4:29–31; 5:1–2; 12:15–17; 12:28–29
[89]
11QMelch
Melchizedek
11Q13
Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7 :8–9; 82 :2; Isaiah 52 :7; Daniel 9 :25; Leviticus 25:9
Hebrew
50–25 BCE or 75–50 BCE
Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian
Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews , such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek"
[89] [46]
11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah
Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War")
11Q14
Hebrew
Herodian
An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation."
[89]
11QHymnsa
Hymns
11Q15
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QHymnsb
11Q16
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QShirShabb
Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice
11Q17
Hebrew
Herodian
Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service.
[89]
11QNJ
New Jerusalem
11Q18
Aramaic
Herodian
Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation)
[89]
11QTa
Temple Scroll
11Q19
Hebrew
Herodian
Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws.
[89]
11QTb
Temple Scroll
11Q20
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11QTc
11Q21
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11Q Unidentified
Unidentified
11Q22
Hebrew
Hasmonean
Unidentified fragments.
[89]
11Q23
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[89]
11Q24
Aramaic
Hasmonean
[89]
11Q25
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11Q26
Hebrew
Herodian
[89]
11Q27
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[89]
11Q28
Hebrew
Hellenistic-Roman
[89]
11Q29
Serekh ha-Yahad related
11Q Unidentified
Unidentified
11Q30
Hebrew
Herodian
Unidentified fragments.
[89]
11Q Unidentified
Unidentified
11Q31
Unidentified fragment
[421]
11Q9999
Unidentified
Hellenistic-Roman
[89]
See also
Notes
^ In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc , as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.
References
^ H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary , Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
^ Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible , Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
^ Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784–1787), in four volumes..."
^ a b Old Testament manuscripts
^ Fragmentos do Gueniza do Cairo [permanent dead link ]
^ David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible Archived 2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine (2006)
^ Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments , Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , pp. 38–39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Oldest Torah scroll still in use found in Italy , 3 March 2016, accessed 2 August 2019
^ Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica . Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5 .
^ "Piecing Together the Past | the Israel Museum, Jerusalem" .
^ Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF) . Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology . 7 : 24–61.
^ British Library Asian and African studies blog 10 April 2014
^ Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445 Archived 2022-12-08 at the Wayback Machine .
^ "Digitised Manuscripts" . Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2016-12-01 .
^ Khomami, Nadia (February 15, 2023). "Oldest complete Hebrew Bible expected to break auction records" . The Bible | The Guardian . Retrieved February 18, 2023 .
^ "Hebrew Manuscripts in the Collections of the National Library of Russia. Second Firkovich Collection" .
^ Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript , Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
^ Damascus Pentateuch
^ [1] British Library
^ Vat. ebr. 448
^ British Library collection
^ "Pentateuch, Codex Hilleli, Bible. Pentateuch. Hebrew. 1241 | Jewish Theological Seminary" .
^ "Hebrew Bible" . www.metmuseum.org . MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019 .
^ The Farhi Bible
^ Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review . 57 (2): 141. doi :10.2307/1453413 . JSTOR 1453413 .
^ Rashba Bible , Info from Sotheby
^ Rabinowicz, H. (1966). "The Sassoon Treasures". The Jewish Quarterly Review . 57 (2): 143–144. doi :10.2307/1453413 . JSTOR 1453413 .
^ González López, Emilio (1967). "Un tesouro de arte galego: A Biblia en hebreo da Universidade de Oxford" (PDF) . Grial (in Galician) (16): 198.
^ The Lisbon Bible – 1483
^ Irwin, W. A. (1932). "An Ancient Biblical Text" . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . 48 (3): 184–193. doi :10.1086/370339 . ISSN 1062-0516 . JSTOR 528842 .
^ Lazaro, Enrico de (2016-09-23). "En-Gedi Scroll Finally Deciphered | Sci.News" . Sci.News: Breaking Science News . Retrieved 2023-06-23 .
^ Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls , [2]
^ The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls . The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
^ a b 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
^ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls . New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
^ 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software . 2008.
^ 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Leon Levy Collection" . Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library . Israel Antiquities Authority . Retrieved 2015-01-22 .
^ 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
^ 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
^ 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library . Accessed 20 May 2013
^ 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
^ a b c d e Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504 .
^ a b c d e Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls . Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491 .
^ 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
^ 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries , doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
^ 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Tov, Emanuel ; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23" . Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays . Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465 .
^ 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation . New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577 . ISBN 9780060766627 .
^ 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
^ 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b "The Qumran Library: Scrolls" . Library of Congress .
^ 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran" . Revue de Qumran . p.352
^ 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence , Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
^ 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ Collins, J. J. , 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach , in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary , p. 684
^ 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls" . The Times of Israel .
^ 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.
Bibliography
Further reading
Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments , Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft 1988, p. 40–47; English translation The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica
Malcolm C. Davis, Ben Outhwaite, Hebrew Bible Manuscripts in the Cambridge Genizah Collections: Taylor-Schechter additional series 32–255, with addenda to previous volumes , Cambridge University Library 2003
Bernhard Pick, Lost Hebrew Manuscripts , Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature, [3] vol. 2, pages 122-127 (1882).
C. David Ginsburg, Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (1897, London: Trinitarian Bible Society), [4] especially chapt. XII, History and Description of the Manuscripts, pages 469–778, and elsewhere in the volume for information on lost mss.
Paul Kahle , The Hebrew Ben Asher Manuscripts , Vetus Testamentum, vol. 1, pages 161-167 (July 1951); mentions the Leningrad Codex, the Aleppo Codex, the Cairo Prophets (Codex Cairensis), and British Museum Or. 4445.
[Emil G. Hirsch],"Bible Manuscripts", Jewish Encyclopedia (1902)[5] volume 3, pages 178–181, includes information on lost mss.
Adolph Neubauer, The Introduction of the Square Characters in Biblical Manuscripts and an Account of the Earliest Manuscripts of the Old Testament , Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica [6] (Oxford Univ.), vol. 3, pages 1–36 (1891).
External links