Isaiah 3

Isaiah 3
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The Great Isaiah Scroll, the best preserved of the biblical scrolls found at Qumran from the second century BC, contains all the verses in this chapter.
Book	Book of Isaiah
Hebrew Bible part	Nevi'im
Order in the Hebrew part	5
Category	Latter Prophets
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	23

Isaiah 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Isaiah, and is one of the Books of the Prophets. This chapter describes how the corrupt leadership brought about the collapse of the social condition of Jerusalem,[1] and contains Isaiah's prophecies that "For the sin of the people, God will take away the wise men, and give them foolish princes".[2]

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 26 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes some fragments among Dead Sea Scrolls, such as the Isaiah Scroll (1Qlsa^a; 356-100 BCE;[3] all verses) and 4QIsa^b (4Q56; with extant verses 14–22);[4][5] as well as codices, such as Codex Cairensis (895 CE), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century).[7]

Parashot

The parashah sections listed here are based on the Aleppo Codex.[8] Isaiah 3 is a part of the Prophecies about Judah and Israel (Isaiah 1-12). {P}: open parashah; {S}: closed parashah.

{P} 3:1-12 {P} 3:13-15 {S} 3:16-17 {S} 3:18-26 [4:1 {S}]

Structure

Motyer divides this chapter into two sections:[1]

• 3:1-15: shows the collapse of human leadership in contrast to the action of "the Lord, the LORD Almighty"
• 3:16-4:1: shows how the divine judgement work out, transforming prosperity into poverty, and prepares for the vision of the Lord's next action (described in Isaiah 4).

Judgement on Jerusalem and Judah (3:1–15)

Verses 1-15 speaks of the imminent collapse of the society in a unified composition within the inclusion of the phrase "the Lord, the LORD Almighty" (LORD of hosts), as follows:[1]

A^1 The act of the Lord, the LORD Almighty (verse 1a)

B^1 The collapse of leadership and social disorder (verses 1b-5)

C^1 Vignette: leadership debased (verse 6-7)

D^1 Jerusalem's collapse explained (verse 8)

D^2 Jerusalem's judgment pronounced (verses 9-11)

B^2 Social oppression and misleading leaders (verse 12)

C^2 Vignette: leadership brought to trial (verses 13-15a)

A^2 The word of the Lord, the LORD Almighty (verse 15b)

Verse 1

For, behold, the Lord, the LORD of hosts, doth take away from Jerusalem and from Judah the stay and the staff, the whole stay of bread, and the whole stay of water[9]

• "For": translated from כי‎, ki,[10] as the opening word to the chapter, connecting to the last verse in the previous chapter (2:22), justifying "the call to stop trusting in man."[1]
• "The Lord, the LORD of hosts" (NIV: "The Lord, the LORD Almighty): translated from האדון יהוה צבאות‎, ha-’ā-ḏō-wn YHWH tsə-ḇā-’ō-wṯ[10]
• "The stay and the staff" (ESV: "support and supply"): translated from משען ומשענה‎, mash-‘ên ū-mash-‘ê-nāh,[10] where "mashenah" is the feminine form of the masculine word "mashen", so here the masculine and feminine forms of the noun are used, symbolising completeness.[11] Keil and Delitzsch render them as "supporter and means of support", and, among all, "bread" and "water" are first named as the "two indispensable conditions and the lowest basis of human life".[12] Both alludes to "the structure of the society, without which there would be chaos."[13]

Verse 15

King James Version

What mean ye that ye beat my people to pieces, and grind the faces of the poor? saith the Lord GOD of hosts.[14]

New International Version

"... What do you mean by crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor?" declares the Lord, the LORD Almighty.[15]

• "What mean ye" (NIV: "What do you mean"): from the Hebrew word written (כ) as מלכם‎, but read (ק) as מה ־לכם‎, mah-lakem,[16] literally, according to Rashi, "What is to you?"[17]
• "Beat ... to pieces" (NIV: "crushing"): translated from תדכאו‎, derived from the root word דָּכָא‎, daka, also meaning "to bruise, to break in pieces, to oppress, to contrite".[16]
• "The Lord GOD of hosts" (NIV: "The Lord, the LORD Almighty): translated from אדני יהוה צבאות‎, ’ă-ḏō-nāy YHWH tsə-ḇā-’ō-wṯ[16]

A warning to the daughters of Zion (3:16–26)

Further information: Rape in the Hebrew Bible § Isaiah 3

There are two contrasts in this section: the first one (verses 16–17) shows how the daughters of Zion are blemished as God's judgment falls on sinners, whereas the second contrast (verses 18–24) itemizes the luxury in life's ease which will be lost in sorrow.[18] According to Susanne Scholz (2010), there is a common mistranslation of the Hebrew word pōt as "forehead" or "scalp". Also often translated as "genitals" or "secret parts", Scholz believes that a more accurate translation of the word in context is "cunt", as first suggested by J. Cheryl Exum's The Ethics of Biblical Violence against Women (1995). They and other scholars such as Johnny Miles (2006) conclude that this stripping of women's clothes to expose their genitals refers to sexual violence as God's punishment for women's arrogance and pride.[19]

Verse 16

Moreover the Lord says:

“Because the daughters of Zion are haughty,

And walk with outstretched necks

And wanton eyes,

Walking and mincing as they go,

Making a jingling with their feet. (NKJV) [20]

Cross reference: Psalm 75

Verse 17

Therefore the Lord will strike with a scab

The crown of the head of the daughters of Zion,

And the LORD will uncover their secret parts.” (NKJV) [21]

Clothing and finery of the daughters of Zion

Source: Isaiah 3:18–24[22][23]

In that day the Lord will take away the finery:

Hebrew	Transliteration	English
תפארת	tip̄-’e-reṯ	bravery/finery
עכסים	‘ă-ḵā-sîm	tinkling ornaments/anklets/fetters
שביסים	shə-ḇî-sîm*	cauls/headbands
שהרנים	sha-hă-rō-nîm	round tires/crescents/crescent ornaments
נטיפות	nə-ṭî-p̄ō-wṯ	chains/pendants
שירות	shê-rō-wṯ	bracelets
רעלות	rə-‘ā-lō-wṯ.	mufflers/scarfs
פארים	pə-’ê-rîm	bonnets/headdresses/caps
צעדות	tsə-‘ā-ḏō-wṯ	armlets/ornaments of the legs
קשרים	qi-shu-rîm	headbands/sashes
בתי הנפש	ḇā-tê ha-ne-p̄eš	tablets/sachets/perfume boxes/bottles
לחשים	lə-ḥā-shîm.	earrings/amulets/charms
טבעות	ṭa-bā-‘ō-wṯ	(signet) rings
נזמי האף	niz-mê hā-’āp̄.	nose rings/jewels
מחלצות	ma-ḥă-lā-tsō-wṯ	festal robes/changeable suits of apparel/fine robes
מעטפות	ma-‘ă-ṭā-p̄ō-wṯ,	mantles/capes
מטפחות	miṭ-pā-ḥō-wṯ	wimples/cloaks/shawls
חריטים	ḥă-rî-ṭîm.	crisping pins/(money) purses/handbags
גלינים	gil-yō-nîm	glasses/mirrors/garments of gauze
סדינים	sə-ḏî-nîm,	fine linens/linen garments/undergarments
צניפות	tsə-nî-p̄ō-wṯ	hoods/turbans/tiaras
רדידים	rə-ḏî-ḏîm	veils
בשם	bō-shem	sweet smell/fragrance/perfume
חגורה	kha-ḡō-w-rāh	sash/girdle/belt/apron
מעשה מקשה	ma-‘ă-sheh miq-sheh	well-set hairdo
פתיגיל	pə-thî-ḡîl*	stomacher/fine clothing/rich robe

* hapax legomenon

Verse 24

And so it shall be:

Instead of a sweet smell there will be a stench;

Instead of a sash, a rope;

Instead of well-set hair, baldness;

Instead of a rich robe, a girding of sackcloth;

And branding instead of beauty.[24]

• "Branding": or "burning scar":[25] from כִּי‎, ki, a noun form only used here in the whole Bible which is "an unexceptionable formation" from כָּוָה‎, kawah (Isaiah 43:2; Proverbs 6:28; Exodus 21:25; Leviticus 13:24).[26] It is used here, with the reverse word order compared to the previous four sets of items, to achieve a rhyme (ki ṯa-ḥaṯ yō-p̄î) to end the list and to give "the effect of a tailing off into sadness".[26]

All the luxury the people enjoyed was itemized (verses 18–23), and then with five times "instead" (verse 24), their ease would be exchanged for mourning.[27]

Verses 3:25–4:1

This section, which continues to 4:1, states without any imagery how the city in actuality is bereft.[26]

Verse 25

Your men shall fall by the sword,

And your mighty in the war.[28]

• "Mighty": lit. "strength".[29] This verse shows that "sin ends in death."[26]

See also

• Sodom
• Related Bible parts: Genesis 13, Leviticus 26, Deuteronomy 28, Psalm 75, Isaiah 2, Isaiah 4, Micah 3

Notes and references

1. Motyer 2015, p. 59.
2. Chapter heading, Geneva Bible (1599), Isaiah chapter 3
3. Jull, Timothy A. J.; Donahue, Douglas J.; Broshi, Magen; Tov, Emanuel (1995). "Radiocarbon Dating of Scrolls and Linen Fragments from the Judean Desert". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 14. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
4. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 36. ISBN 9780802862419. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
5. Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill. pp. 469. ISBN 9789004181830. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
6. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
8. As implemented in the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 edition of the Hebrew Bible in English.
9. Isaiah 3:1 KJV
10. Isaiah 3:1 Hebrew - Biblehub.com
11. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Isaiah 3, accessed 3 March 2018
12. Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz. Commentary on the Old Testament (1857-1878). "Isaiah 3". Diakses 24 Juni 2018.
13. Coggins 2007, p. 441.
14. Isaiah 3:15 KJV
15. Isaiah 3:15 NIV
16. Isaiah 3:15 Hebrew - Biblehub.com
17. Yeshayahu - Isaiah - Chapter 3 with Rashi's Commentary - Chabad.org
18. Motyer 2015, p. 63.
19. Scholz (2010), p. 182–183. The only other appearance of pōt in the Hebrew Bible is 1 Kings 7:50, where it means "door socket".
20. Isaiah 3:16
21. Isaiah 3:17
22. Bell, Quentin. On Human Finery, rev. ed. London: Hogarth Press, 1976, pp. 21—22, quoting Isaiah 3:16—24.
23. English alternative words from King James Version, NKJV, NIV, and The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Editors. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. pp. 982-983 Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0195288810
24. Isaiah 3:24 NKJV
25. Note [p] on Isaiah 3:24 in the New King James Version
26. Motyer 2015, p. 64.
27. Motyer 2015, pp. 63–64.
28. Isaiah 3:25 NKJV
29. Note [q] on Isaiah 3:25 in the New King James Version.

Sources

• Coggins, R (2007). "22. Isaiah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 433–486. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Motyer, J. Alec (2015). The Prophecy of Isaiah: An Introduction & Commentary. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830895243.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Jewish

• Isaiah 3: Hebrew with Parallel English

Christian

• Isaiah 3 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2020-10-28 at the Wayback Machine