Lemnian Athena

The most complete surviving version of Furtwängler's "Athena Lemnia" type (Dresden Skulpturensammlung Hm 49)

The Lemnian Athena, or Athena Lemnia, was a classical Greek statue of the goddess Athena that stood on the Acropolis of Athens. According to the traveler Pausanias, who visited Athens in the 2nd century CE, the statue was created by Pheidias, a sculptor of the 5th century BCE, and dedicated by the inhabitants of the island of Lemnos.[1] In addition to Pausanias, two other authors of the Roman period, Lucian[2] and Aelius Aristides,[3] mention the statue by name, and it may also be alluded to by Pliny the Elder[4] and the Late Roman rhetorician Himerius.[5] The ancient sources suggest that the statue was greatly admired: Pausanias calls it "the most worth seeing" (θέας μάλιστα ἄξιον) of all of Pheidias's works, and in Lucian's dialogue the answer to the question "Which of Pheidias's works do you praise the most?" is "What other than the goddess of Lemnos?" [6]

Since the 1890s the name "Athena Lemnia" has been associated with a specific ancient statue type, which depicts Athena without a helmet and wearing an aegis diagonally across her breast. This type is known from several Roman copies or free imitations, of which the most important are:

  • A head in the Archaeological Museum of Bologna, often called the "Palagi head", because it was previously in the collection of the artist Pelagio Palagi.[7][8]
  • A statue in the Skulpturensammlung of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, sometimes known as Dresden statue A. Although the head was damaged during a 17th-century restoration in which a helmet was added, it belongs to the same type as the Palagi head in Bologna. This statue, acquired in 1728 from the Albani collection in Rome, is the only example that preserves both the head and the body together.[9][10]
  • A second statue body in Dresden, sometimes known as Dresden statue B, also from the Albani collection in Rome. The original head is missing from this example; it has been restored with a plaster cast of the Palagi head.[11][12]

Other surviving examples of the type include a body in Kassel[13] and heads in Baia,[14] Oxford,[15] Toronto,[16] and the Vatican Museums.[17]

A modern reconstruction of Furtwängler's "Athena Lemnia" type, with helmet and spear (Copenhagen Botanical Garden)

In 1891 the archaeologist Adolf Furtwangler reunited the body of Dresden statue A with its proper head, which had been removed during an earlier restoration, and recognized that the head was of the same type as that in Bologna. He argued that these Roman heads and bodies all derived from the same Classical Greek sculptural type, and that they were copies Pheidias's Lemnian Athena on the Athenian Acropolis.[18] Although only the upper arms of the statue bodies in Dresden survive, Furtwängler cited a depiction on an ancient engraved gem, which appeared to show a head and upper body of the same type, as evidence that the goddess held a helmet in her outstretched right hand and an upright spear in her left hand.[18]

Furtwängler's conclusions, although widely accepted, have sometimes been questioned by other scholars. The most forceful criticism of his physical reconstruction of the type was published in 1983 by Kim Hartswick, who argued that the Dresden bodies and the Bologna head are unrelated, and that the gems depicting the statue may be modern rather than ancient.[19] In 1984, however, a reexamination of the join between the head and the body of Dresden statue A and a technical analysis of the marble confirmed that the two pieces do indeed belong together, as Furtwangler believed.[20] It is now generally agreed that Furtwängler's reconstruction of the type is largely accurate, at least in its general outlines, and that it embodies stylistic features of the 5th century BCE; the evidence for its identification with Pheidias's Athena Lemnia, however, is much less convincing and by no means universally accepted.[21][10][8] In the opinions of some scholars, other Roman statues are more likely to reflect the appearance of the Lemnia: Evelyn Harrison, for example, has described the so-called Athena Medici type as "by far the best candidate for the Lemnian Athena of Pheidias".[22] Other identifications have also been proposed for the Dresden-Bologna type reconstructed by Furtwängler: J. P. Barron thought that it might be derived from the Pheidian victory monument set up at Delphi after the Battle of Marathon,[23][24] and Harrison tentatively suggested an association with Alkamenes, a younger contemporary of Pheidias, rather than Pheidias himself.[25]

References

  1. ^ Pausanias 1.28.2 (Greek, English).
  2. ^ Lucian, Imagines 4 and 6 (Greek & English).
  3. ^ Aelius Aristides, Oration 34.28 Keil (Greek).
  4. ^ Pliny, Natural History 34.54 (Latin & English), assuming that the Athena nicknamed "the Beautiful" is in fact the Lemnia.
  5. ^ Himerius, Oration 21.4 Dübner = 68.4 Colonna (Greek, English)
  6. ^ The sources are collected in J. Overbeck, Die antiken Schriftquellen zur Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den Griechen (Leipzig 1868), pp. 118, 137–138, nos. 639, 758–761. Translations of Pausanias, Lucian, and Pliny appear in H. Stuart Jones, Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture (London 1895), pp. 80, 95–96, nos. 102, 103, and 119; and translations of Pausanias, Lucian, and Himerios appear in A. Stewart, Greek Sculpture: An Exploration (New Haven 1990), pp. 261–262 (online at the Perseus Project as One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works). The literary evidence is discussed in detail in Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft XII.2 (1925), cols. 1897–1907 (H. Lamer).
  7. ^ Inv. no. G 1060 (Museo Civico Archeologico, Bologna).
  8. ^ a b A. Stähli, "Bust of Athena Lemnia ('The Palagi Head')", Works of Art in the Herbert Weir Smyth Classical Library, Harvard University, via academia.edu .
  9. ^ Inv. no. Hm 49 (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden).
  10. ^ a b K. Knoll, C. Vorster, and M. Woelk, eds., Katalog der antiken Bildwerke II: Idealskulptur der römischen Kaiserzeit (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Skulpturensammlung. Munich 2011), pp. 121–131, no. 2 (J. Raeder).
  11. ^ Inv. no. Hm 50 (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden).
  12. ^ K. Knoll, C. Vorster, and M. Woelk, eds., Katalog der antiken Bildwerke II: Idealskulptur der römischen Kaiserzeit (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Skulpturensammlung. Munich 2011), pp. 132–137, no. 3 (J. Raeder).
  13. ^ Kassel, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Antikensammlung Sk 2.
  14. ^ Baia, Museo dei Campi Flegrei 292860.
  15. ^ Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1919.67.
  16. ^ Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum 959.17.3.
  17. ^ Vatican Museums, Gallerie delle Statue 569.
  18. ^ a b A. Furtwängler, Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (Leipzig 1893), pp. 4–43, esp. 4–11; translated into English by E. Sellers as Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture (London 1895), pp. 4–26, esp. 4–8.
  19. ^ K. J. Hartswick, "The Athena Lemnia Reconsidered", American Journal of Archaeology 87 (1983), pp. 335–346. Hartswick's dating of the gems was contested by O. Palagia, "Ἐρύθημα... ἀντὶ κράνους: In Defense of Furtwängler's Athena Lemnia", American Journal of Archaeology 91 (1987), pp. 81–84, at 81, note 2.
  20. ^ H. Protzmann, "Antiquarische Nachlese zu den Statuen der sogenannten Lemnia Furtwänglers in Dresden", Jahrbuch der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden 16 (1984), pp. 7–22.
  21. ^ A. Stewart, Greek Sculpture: An Exploration (New Haven 1990), pp. 261–262 (online at the Perseus Project as One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works).
  22. ^ E. B. Harrison, "Pheidias", in O. Palagia and J. J. Pollitt, eds., Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture (New Haven 1996), pp. 16–65, at pp. 52–59; the same proposal had previously been made by Walther Amelung: see G. M. A. Richter, The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks (3rd ed.: New Haven 1950), p. 228, note 91.
  23. ^ J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture: The Classical Period (London 1985), p. 84.
  24. ^ O. Palagia, "Ἐρύθημα... ἀντὶ κράνους: In Defense of Furtwangler's Athena Lemnia", American Journal of Archaeology 91 (1987), pp. 81–84, at p. 81, note 4.
  25. ^ E. B. Harrison, "Athena at Pallene and in the Agora of Athens", in J. M. Barringer, J. Hurwit, and J. J. Pollit, eds., Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives (Austin 2005), pp. 119–131, at p. 128.