Khirbet Shema[1] is an archaeological site located in Israel at the foot of Mount Meron. It features the ruins of a large Jewish village[2] of the Roman and Byzantine periods, including the remains of an ancient synagogue and a mausoleum. It may be identified with the ancient Teqoa of Galilee.
Identification
Several researchers have identified the site with the ancient Teqoa of Galilee (not to be confused with Teqoa, Judea), although no evidence has been discovered to verify this identification. [citation needed]
The site
Khirbet Shema is the traditional burial site of Shammai,[3] a contemporary and opponent of Hillel the Elder.
Excavations have uncovered a large mausoleum, numerous tombs and an ancient synagogue. Additionally, their work included "uncovering adjacent buildings and surrounding parts of the village."[4] Even by 1974, having worked with up to 80 people, no remnants of the synagogue's roof were found.
Analysis
Researchers have reviewed the "coins, glass, plaster, ceramic stone, bone, jewelry and some organic materials" found. Although "over 4,000 artifacts have been found in the excavations,"[4] there is little evidence of late Hellenistic colonization and the end of Roman times at the site.
The team's Co-head, Dr. James F. Strange, professor of biblical archeology at University of South Florida,[5] indicated that the ruins of the synagogue show it to be unique, both for the area and time of construction. "There were several factors which led us to believe the building was quite unlike any other synagogue in that part of Palestine."[4] Specific features he found noteworthy included "foundation walls .. nearly two feet thick, .. an entrance staircase .. stairs ten feet wide ... and a number of underground chambers."
The bulk of the coins[6] suggest that this area was populated from 180 to around 417 CE, when "the village was destroyed by an earthquake."
Shape of the synagogue
Excavations done in "different sites in upper Galilee: Shema, Meiron, Gush Halav and Nabratein"[7] helped uncover more information about the debate as to "whether the earliest Galilean synagogues .. were built on a so-called basilical plan[8] .. as opposed to a broad building" known as "a broadhouse plan."[9] Khirbet Shema and two other ancient synagogues excavated around the same time all were broadhouse.
Ancient Synagogue Excavations at Khirbet Shema', Upper Galilee, Israel 1970-72. (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 42). Durham: Duke University Press, 1976. By A. Thomas Kraabel (With E.M. Meyers and J.F. Strange).
Articles
"Khirbet Shema' et Meiron." (A. Thomas Kraabel) Revue biblique 80 (1973) 585-587 + P.. 34f.
"Khirbet Shema' and Meiron." (A. Thomas Kraabel, With E. M. Meyers and J. F. Strange). Israel Exploration Journal 22 (1972) 174-176 + PI. 37f.
^such as Eshtemoa synagogue: "13.3 m (44 ft) by 21.3 m (70 ft) .. Entry by any of three doors along its eastern side ..
^Meyers, Eric M; Kraabel, A. Thomas; Strange, James F (1976). Ancient synagogue excavations at Khirbet Shema', Upper Galilee, Israel, 1970-1972. Published for the American Schools of Oriental Research by Duke University Press. ISBN978-0-8223-0377-0. OCLC813241192.
^Meyers, Eric M.; Kraabel, A. Thomas; Strange, James F. (1976). "Ancient Synagogue Excavations at Khirbet Shema', Upper Galilee, Israel 1970-1972". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 42: iii–297. doi:10.2307/3768529. JSTOR3768529. S2CID133723673.
