Kerubino Kuanyin Bol

Kerubino Kuanyin Bol
Born1948
Twic County, Bahr al Ghazal, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Died9 September 1999
Allegiance Anyanya (1960s–1972)
Sudanese Armed Forces (1972–1983) SPLA (1983–1987; 1995–1999)
SPLA-Nasir (1993–1995)
Battles / wars

Kerubino Kuanyin Bol (1948 – 9 September 1999) was a Sudanese rebel leader who was one of the founders of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and one of the leaders of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) during the Second Sudanese Civil War and was said to have fired the first shot in the war.

Bol was arrested by the SPLA in 1987 after being accused of trying to overthow John Garang.[1] In 1993, after being released, Bol's forces joined the SPLA splinter group SPLA-Nasir led by Riek Machar. He was shot and killed in 1999 under unclear circumstances.[2]

Biography

Early life

Bol was born in 1948 to Dinka parents in Twic County, Bahr al Ghazal province in the west of present-day South Sudan. He was educated at a Roman Catholic mission primary school, and went on to intermediate studies. In the 1960s, Bol joined the Anyanya separatist rebel group during the First Sudanese Civil War and later joined the Sudanese Armed Forces after the civil war ended in 1972.[2]

Role in the Second Sudanese Civil War and as an SPLA commander

On 16th of May 1983, Bol and William Nyuon Bany led a mutiny against the Sudanese government in Bor, in southern Sudan, with their forces of the 105th Battalion firing the first bullet that sparked the Second Sudanese Civil War and consequently led to the foundation of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). In June 1983, John Garang, a Sudanese Army colonel and future leader of the SPLA, joined the mutiny of the garrison in Bor.[3] Kerubino then nominated Garang as the Commander-in-Chief, made himself second in command, Bany third and Salva Kiir fourth. Bany was also the Chief of Staff,[4] Arok Thon Arok, who was said to be related to Garang, was the fifth senior commander of the Permanent Political Military Office of the SPLA.[5]

In 1986, Bol was deputy commander-in-chief of the SPLA and deputy chairman of the SPLM provisional executive committee. In 1987, he led a successful attack on several towns in Blue Nile province to the north of South Sudan. In June of that year, Bol was accused of plotting a coup against Garang and was jailed for the next six years.[2][1]

SSIM commander

In August 1991 Riek Machar, Lam Akol and Gordon Kong announced that Garang had been ejected from the SPLM. They formed a rival militia called the SPLA-Nasir, after their base in the town of Nasir.[6]

On 5 April 1993, at a press conference in Nairobi, three rebel factions – including SPLA-Nasir (led by Lam Akol and joined by Machar and Bany) – announced a coalition, to be called "Sudanese People's Liberation Army-United", known as SPLA-United. It included a number of former Garang officials and other southerners.[7] Bol's Dinka forces made an important addition to the formerly Nuer-dominated SPLA-Nasir. Bol became deputy Commander in Chief.[8] Although seeking independence for southern Sudan, the group received covert support from the Government of Sudan as it fought the SPLA between 1991 and 1999 in attacks that became increasingly violent and ethnically motivated.[9]

Government ally

Early in 1995 Machar dismissed Bol and Bany from his South Sudan Independence Movement (SSIM) on the basis that they had signed military and political agreements with the government of Sudan late in the previous year, and that they had attempted to form a government-supported faction in the SSIM.[8]

The Sudan government tried to make Bol a leader in his home province, but he was not successful in gaining support of the local Dinka, and members of his militia returned to their villages.[2]

In January 1998 Bol's forces briefly seized Wau, the main town in Bahr al Ghazal. From this strong position, he applied to rejoin the SPLA. He was accepted but assigned to a headquarters position rather than a field appointment. In disgust, he returned to the Sudan Government and in 1999 joined the South Sudan United Army, a militia headed by Paulino Matip.[2]

Death

Later in 1999, Commander Peter Gadet fell out with Paulino Matip. During the struggles that followed, Bol was shot in obscure circumstances on 10 September 1999. He left several wives and more than 20 children.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b "SUDAN A continuing human rights crisis" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Greenfield, Richard. "Obituary: Kerubino Kuanyin Bol". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  3. ^ Teresa (21 June 2019). "Brief Biography and Facts About Major(Cdr). Late William Nyuon Bany Machar". City Scrollz. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  4. ^ Buay, Gordon (24 Jan 2011). "Who Is CDR. William Nyuon Bany Machar?". Gurtong Trust. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  5. ^ "SPLM/A Leaders Bio-data,Profile,and Personalities". simonrgd.com. 15 September 2005. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2022. (reliability unknown)
  6. ^ Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2 January 2003). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253215840.
  7. ^ Extract from Christian Science Monitor (14 April 1993). "Pro-Government Militias:Documentation for Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army - United (SPLM/A-United)". Pro-Government Militias Database (PGMD). Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  8. ^ a b Rone, Jemera (1 May 1996). Behind the Red Line: Political Repression in Sudan. Human Rights Watch. pp. 318–319. ISBN 978-1564321640.
  9. ^ Rone, Jemera (1 January 2003). Sudan, oil and human rights. Human Rights Watch. p. 16. ISBN 978-1564322913.