Kalākaua's Privy Council of State

King Kalākaua painting by William F. Cogswell

The Privy Council of State of the Kingdom of Hawaii was a constitutionally-created body purposed to advise and consent to acts made by the monarch. The cabinet ministers were ex-officio members. Both the cabinet and other privy counselors were appointed and dismissed by the monarch according to his personal wishes.[1] The 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii made a key change in regards to the cabinet ministers. The monarch was still empowered to appoint the ministers, but only the legislature, or a voluntary resignation, could remove them from office.

The 91 men listed below served in varied years as Kalākaua's Privy Council of State. The list is gleened from the Hawaii State Archives Office Records,[2] the Minutes of the Privy Council, 1873–1892, and the Hawaiian Registers and Directories for 1873–1893, published in Thomas G. Thrum’s Hawaiian Almanac and Annual.[3][4] The century-old archived records are often spotty, and should not be considered complete.

Background and diversity

Kalākaua retained many of the counselors who had been advising the kingdom's monarchs since Kamehameha III. The culturally diverse body was represented by men who were native Hawaiians and Asians, as well as American and British immigrants. Native Hawaiian brothers John Tamatoa Baker and Robert Hoapili Baker who served on the Privy Council, posed as the models for the Kamehameha statues ordered by Kalākaua. The statues are now tourist attractions in Hilo, North Kohala, and in front of Aliʻiōlani Hale in Honolulu.[5]

The counselors were diverse in occupations and personal finances. Henry Martyn Whitney founded two newspapers. Frederick H. Hayselden was the sheriff of the island of Maui. William Buckle was warden of Oahu Jail. Longest serving royal court member was Charles Reed Bishop, who advised monarchs for over three decades, from Kamehameha IV to Liliʻuokalani.[6] Chun Afong emigrated from China at age 24 to clerk in his uncle's retail trade, possessing a business acumen that eventually brought him great wealth on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. He left the Privy Council shortly after being appointed, to accept the position of Chinese consular agent for Hawaii.[7] British born William Lowthian Green had been a prospector during the California Gold Rush, before helping establish the Honolulu Iron Works.[8]

Several on his council, such as Henry A. P. Carter and Curtis P. Iaukea, were experienced diplomats. Elisha H. Allen came from a family dedicated to government service. His father Samuel Clesson Allen had been a US Congressman from Massachusetts. Before moving to Hawaii, Elisha had been a US Congressman from Maine, and US Counsel to Hawaii. After relocating, he served 27 years as Minister Plenipotentiary from the Kingdom of Hawaii to the US.[9] While the king's 1874–75 state visit to the United States generated American legislative support for the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, Carter and Allen had preceded him in Washington, D.C. to lead the negotiations. Elisha Allen's son William Fessenden Allen served as an advisor for both Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani.[10] Privy counselors William Nevins Armstrong, Charles Hastings Judd and George W. Macfarlane accompanied the king on his 1881 world tour to negotiate plantation labor contracts with friendly nations.

Changes in the cabinet

After the financial success of the reciprocity treaty, Kalākaua began surrounding himself with advisors who told him what he wanted to hear, instead of those who would act as a balance between the ambitions of the monarchy and the needs of the kingdom. He appointed Walter Murray Gibson as his Prime Minister, charged with carrying out the king's agenda, and subsequently creating a large turnover in his cabinet. Italian soldier of fortune Celso Caesar Moreno was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, and forced to resign after four days when denied recognition by the diplomatic corps stationed in Hawaii.[11] The legislature passed the 1887 constitution as a means to create checks and balances over the king's decision making.[12]

Death of Kalākaua

A leisure trip to San Francisco in 1890 was Kalākaua's final trip abroad. He was in failing health, accompanied by George W. Macfarlane and Robert Hoapili Baker. During a month of rest and recreation in California, he met with Minister Carter to discuss the McKinley Tariff.[13] He died in San Francisco on January 20, 1891. MacFarlane and Baker, as well as the king's handmaiden Kalua and valet Kahikina, were at his bedside.[14] Counselors Godfrey Rhodes and Charles Reed Bishop were also in the room.[15]

Privy council members

Name	Portrait	Privy council service years	Notes	Ref(s)
Edward P. Adams		June 1879	President of the Kilauea Sugar Company founding member of the Planters Labor and Supply Company	[16]
Chun Afong		June 5, 1879	Resigned shortly after appointment to become Chinese consular agent for Hawaii	[17]
Luther Aholo		Aug 1884	Minister of the Interior Oct 13, 1886 -July 1, 1887	[18]
Elisha Hunt Allen		Sept. 5, 1853 – June 11, 1857 Aug 31, 1857 –	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha III House of Nobles 1854–1856	[9]
William Fessenden Allen		June 5, 1879 – Mar 7, 1891	Colonel on staffs of Kamehameha V, Lunalilo and Kalākaua	[10]
William Nevins Armstrong			House of Nobles 1880–1882 Attorney General Nov 29, 1880 – Jan 17, 1881 Nov 5, 1881– May 19, 1882	[19]
Clarence W. Ashford			Attorney General July 1, 1887 – June 14, 1890	[20]
Joseph Ballard Atherton		1887–1891	President of Castle & Cooke, Ltd.	[21]
John Tamatoa Baker		1884–1891	Household troops, King's Guard, High Sheriff of the island of Hawaii. Kalākaua appointed his wife Ululani Lewai Baker as Governess of the Island of Hawaii. He and his brother Robert were the male models for the Kamehameha statues commissioned during Kalākaua's reign.	[22]
Robert Hoapili Baker		1884–1891	Colonel and aide-de-camp on Kalākaua's staff, at the king's bedside when he died January 20, 1891. Household troops, King's Guard, Governor of Maui, Molokai, Lanai. He and his brother John were the male models for the Kamehameha statues commissioned during Kalākaua's reign.	[23]
Charles Reed Bishop		June 9, 1859 – 1891	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha IV Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan 10, 1873 – Feb 17, 1874 House of Nobles 1859–1886 At Kalākaua's bedside when he died January 20, 1891	[6]
Edwin Harbottle Boyd		1874	House of Representatives 1864–1870; Chamberlain to Kalākaua 1874–1875; father of James Harbottle Boyd and Robert Napuʻuako Boyd	[24]
Godfrey Brown			House of Nobles 1887–1890 Minister of Foreign Affairs July 1 – Dec 28, 1887 Minister of Finance July 17, 1890 – Feb 25, 1891	[25]
William Wahinepiʻo Buckle		Sept 4, 1880 – Dec 18, 1883	William Wahinepiʻo Kahakuhaʻakoi Buckle Warden of Oahu Jail, 1882–1883	[26]
John Edward Bush		Sept 1, 1878 – 1891	House of Nobles 1880–1886 Minister of Foreign Affairs (acting) Aug 19 – Sept 22, 1880 Minister of Finance May 20 – Aug 8, 1882 Minister of the Interior Aug 8, 1882 – May 14, 1883	[27]
Henry A. P. Carter		Sept 28, 1874 – 1891	Minister of Foreign Affairs Dec 5, 1874 – Mar 1, 1878 Minister of the Interior Sept 27, 1880 – May 20, 1882 Attorney General Jan 17 – Nov 5, 1881 Minister to the United States Feb 9, 1883 – Aug 24,1891 Envoy posts Europe 1877, Portugal 1881, France 1882, Germany 1885	[28]
Samuel Northrup Castle		All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V Dec 7 1863 – Feb 23, 1874	House of Nobles 1876–1880	[29]
Archibald Scott Cleghorn		Jan 22, 1873 – 1891	Holdover from Lunalilo Husband of Likelike House of Nobles 1873–1886	[30]
Robert James Creighton			House of Nobles 1886 Minister of Foreign Affairs June 30 – Oct 13, 1886 Father of Liliʻuokalani's Attorney General Charles F. Creighton	[31]
John Adams Cummins		June 18, 1874 – Mar 7, 1891	House of Nobles 1890–1892 Minister of Foreign Affairs Jun 17, 1890 – Feb 25, 1891	[32]
Samuel Mills Damon		Aug 12, 1884 – Mar 7, 1891	Minister of Finance July 22, 1889 – June 17, 1890	[33]
John T. Dare			House of Nobles Jul 5, – Oct 13, 1886 Attorney General Jul 1- Oct 13, 1886 Legal counsel to Claus Spreckels Prior legislative service in the Arizona Territory, and subsequently in the California State Assembly.	[34]
John Owen Dominis		Dec 24, 1863 – 1891	Husband of Liliuokalani All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Nobles 1864–1886	[35]
James Isaac Dowsett Sr.		Feb 2, 1876	House of Nobles 1873–1888 In the legislature during the Honolulu Courthouse riot. Hawaiian name "Kimo Pelekaue". Building dedicated to him in 1950. First white child born in Hawaii who was not of missionary lineage. Advisor to Kam IV and V. Owned all the property on the waterfront.	[36]
John Ena		1888–1891	House of Nobles 1892	[37]
Walter M. Gibson		Sept 1880	House of Nobles 1882–1886 Minister of Foreign Affairs May 20, 1882 – June 30, 1886 Oct 13, 1886 – July 1, 1887 Attorney General (acting) May 14- Dec 14, 1883 Sept 18, 1884 – Aug 3, 1885 (ad interim) Minister of the Interior (acting) May 14, 1883 – Aug 6, 1883 June 30, 1886 – Oct 13, 1886 Prime Minister June 30, 1886 – Oct 13, 1886	[38]
William Lowthian Green		Feb 23, 1874 – Mar 5, 1877	House of Nobles 1874–1892 Minister of Foreign Affairs Feb 17, 1874 – Dec 5, 1876 Sept 22, 1880 – May 20, 1882 Minister of Finance Jul 1, 1887 – Jul 22, 1889	[8]
Charles T. Gulick			House of Nobles 1884–1892 Minister of the Interior Aug 6, 1883 – June 30, 1886 Sept 12, 1892 – Nov 1, 1892 Minister of Finance (acting) Sept 1, 1885	[39]
Edwin Oscar Hall		Sept 6, 1849 – Sept 26, 1850, Jan 22, 1873	Privy Counselor for Kamehameha III House of Nobles 1873–1874	[40]
Charles Coffin Harris		Aug 26, 1862 – Feb 23, 1874	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha IV House of Nobles 1864–1872	[41]
Alfred S. Hartwell		Jan 23, 1873 – Jan 23, 1874	Holdover from Lunalilo House of Nobles 1874–1878	[42]
Frederick H. Hayselden		1886–1891	Born in England, son-in-law of Walter Murray Gibson. Sheriff of Maui, inherited the island of Lanai from Gibson.	[43]
John Green Hoapili		1883	House of Nobles 1891–1892	[44]
Ferdinand William Hutchison		1864–1874	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Nobles 1866–1872	[45]
Curtis P. Iaukea		1883–1891	King's private secretary, career diplomat, office holder, and military officer for the Kingdom, Provisional Government, and Territory of Hawaii	[46]
William G. Irwin		1886–1891	Business and investment banking partner of Claus Spreckels and former California governor F. F. Low. DBA as Claus Spreckels & Co, the partnership circulated the Kalākaua coinage in Hawaii and floated loans to the monarchy/government. Irwin was also a partner of Samuel Gardner Wilder in the steamship business.	[47]
W. Claude Jones			Attorney General Aug 14, 1880 – Sept 27, 1880	[48]
Albert Francis Judd		Jan 22, 1873 – Feb 19, 1874	Holdover from Lunalilo House of Nobles 1873–1875	[49]
Charles Hastings Judd		Oct 29, 1875	House of Nobles 1879–1886	[50]
Simon Kaloa Kaʻai		Dec 10, 1877	House of Nobles 1876–1882 Minister of Finance July 3, 1878 – Aug 14, 1880 Aug 8, 1882 – Feb 13, 1883 Minister of the Interior May 20, 1882 – Aug 8, 1882	[51]
J. Kahai		1874		[52]
David Kahanu		1879–1891	Appointed to Kalākaua's Privy Council June 25, 1879	[53]
Henry A. Kahanu		Dec 7, 1863 – Jan 22, 1873	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Nobles 1864–1880	[54]
Simon P. Kalama		1864–1874	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Representatives 1853–1870	[55]
A. Kalauli		1874	House of Representatives 1880	[56]
Charles Kanaʻina		Jul 29, 1845 – 1855	Privy Counselor for Kamehameha III and Kamehameha IV Father of King Lunalilo House of Nobles 1841–1876	[57]
Paul Puhiula Kanoa		June 27, 1883 – Mar 1888	House of Nobles 1882–1892	[58]
Paul Kanoa		Oct 21, 1846 – Feb 23, 1874	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha III House of Nobles 1845–1882	[59]
John Mākini Kapena		1874	House of Nobles 1876–1886	[60]
John Kauhane			House of Nobles 1890	[61]
John Lot Kaulukoʻu		June 27, 1883	Attorney General Oct 13- Oct 23, 1886	[62]
John K. Kaunamano		1884–1891		[63]
Joseph Ulumaialii Kawainui		Feb 23, 1874	(1842 – Oct 23, 1895) Attended the Royal School. Editor of the newspaper Ka Nupepa Kūʻokoʻa. Member of the Republic's Council of State	[64]
David Leleo Kinimaka		1880–1883	Kalākaua's hanai half-brother, son of High Chief Kinimaka and Pai, his Tahitian wife. Member of the royal guards.	[65]
Samuel Kipi			House of Nobles 1878	[66]
Moses Kuaea		1879–1882	Minister of Finance Aug 14 – Sept 27, 1880 pastor of Kaumakapili Church	[67]
Huaka Kuihelani		1883	House of Nobles 1873–1883	[68]
William Pitt Leleiohoku II		Aug 15, 1874	Kalākaua's brother House of Nobles Jan 10,1887 Died Apr 9, 1887	[69]
Edward Kamakau Lilikalani		1883	1883 Privy Council; 1889 Capt. King's Staff; 1890, 1st Lt. King's Guards; 1892, Col. Queen's Staff Royal Order of Oceania, Order of Oceania, Order of Kalakaua, Order of Kapiolani	[70]
George W. Macfarlane		1883–1884	House of Nobles 1884–1886; Chamberlain to Kalākaua At Kalākaua's bedside when he died January 20, 1891	[71]
Methuselah Mahuka		Sept 1880	Uncle of Simon Kaloa Kaʻai	[72]
J. W. Makalena		Dec 24, 1863, Aug 20, 1864, Jan 22, 1873, Feb 23, 1884	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V	[73]
Lawrence McCully		1878–1891	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Kingdom; Speaker of the House of Representatives	[74]
John Moanauli		Jan 22, 1873	Privy Counselor for Lunalilo House of Nobles 1874–1882 (died Dec 10, 1883)	[75]
William Luther Moehonua		Feb 23, 1874	House of Nobles Apr 15, 1878 Died in office Sept 8, 1878	[76]
Celso Caesar Moreno			Minister of the Foreign Affairs Aug 14–19 1880	[77]
John Mott-Smith		Apr 5, 1867 – 1874, Mar 7, 1891	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Nobles 1876–1886 Minister plenipotentiary of Hawaii to Washington, D.C.	[78]
Paul Nahaolelua		Apr 4, 1853 – Se;pt 22, 1875	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha III House of Nobles 1853–1874 Minister of Finance Feb 17 – Oct 31, 1874	[79]
David Hopeni Nahinu		1886–1891	Member of the Legislature, House of Representatives	[80]
Paul Neumann		1883–1891	House of Nobles 1884–1892	[81]
William Cooper Parke		Nov 2, 1874	Marshal of the Kingdom 1850–1884 Arrived in Hawaii 1843; dismissed from office by Gibson because he refused to cooperate in the corruption activities	[82]
Samuel Parker		1883	House of Nobles 1886–1890 Major & Equerry in Waiting on Kalākaua's staff 1886	[83]
Arthur P. Peterson			House of Nobles 1890–1893 Attorney General June 17, 1890– Feb 25, 1891	[84]
Edward Preston		1883	House of Nobles 1876–1882 Attorney General July 13, 1878 – Aug 14, 1880 May 19, 1882 – May 14, 1883	[85]
Godfrey Rhodes		Apr 5, 1867 – 1891	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Nobles 1876–1886 (b. Mar 8, 1815 – d. Sept 8, 1897) 3-time president of the Legislature; Born in England, Kauai coffee farm; 1886–1892 lived in Calif, in the room when Kalākaua died January 20, 1891	[86]
George E. Richardson		1886–1891	House of Representatives; circuit judge of Maui	[87]
Antone Rosa			Attorney General Nov 15, 1886 – June 28, 1887	[88]
William E. Rowell			Served under Samuel Gardner Wilder in the Dept. of the Interior; son of (Tenth Company) missionaries George Beckley Rowell and Malvena J. Chapin Rowell	[89]
William James Smith		Nov 2, 1874	(b. Aug 24, 1839– d. Mar 22, 1896) Born in Tahiti. Attended the Royal School. Secretary of the Board of Education. Decorated with the Royal Order of Kalakaua, and by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Sacred Treasure.	[90]
Charles Nichols Spencer			House of Nobles 1890–1892 Minister of the Interior June 17, 1890– Sept 12, 1892	[91]
Richard H. Stanley		1875	House of Nobles 1874 Attorney General May 28, 1874 – Nov 5, 1875 Died in office	[92]
Robert Stirling		1872–1874	All Privy Councils since Kamehameha V House of Nobles 1873–1874 Listed in Thrum's as still Privy Council 1889	[93]
Lorrin Andrews Thurston			Minister of the Interior July 1, 1887 – Sept 27, 1888 Oct 27, 1888 – June 17, 1890	[94]
Alfred N. Tripp		1874, Aug 13, 1884 – Nov 15, 1892	Port of Honolulu harbormaster As part of Walter Murray Gibson's failed agenda for a Polynesian Confederation, Tripp was named Special Commissioner for Central and Western Polynesia. The plan called for him to use his own schooner to travel among the Gilbert Islands promoting good will among the individual chiefs.	[95]
John Smith Walker		Oct 19, 1874 – Mar 7, 1891	House of Nobles 1876–1892 Minister of Finance Oct 31, 1874 – Dec 5, 1876 Sept 27, 1880 – May 20, 1882 Attorney General Nov 5, 1875 – Feb 15, 1876	[96]
John T. Waterhouse Jr.		1887–1891	Served on Liliʻuokalani's Privy Council of State	[97]
Henry Martyn Whitney		Jan 22, 1873 – 1891	Holdover from Lunalilo Founder of Pacific Commercial Advertiser and Hawaiian language newspaper Ka Nupepa Kūʻokoʻa.	[98]
Hermann A. Widemann		Feb 18, 1874 – 1891	House of Nobles 1874–1890 Justice of the Supreme Court July 10, 1869 – Feb 18, 1874 Appointed by Kamehameha V	[99]
Samuel Gardner Wilder		Jan 22, 1873 – 1874	Holdover from Lunalilo House of Nobles 1874–1888 Minister of the Interior July 3, 1878 – August 14, 1880	[100]
William Pinehasa Wood		Nov 2, 1874 – 1890	( d. Oct 18, 1894)	[101]

See also

• Bibliography of Kalākaua
• Kalākaua's Cabinet ministers
• Liliʻuokalani's Privy Council of State

References

1. Kuykendall 1965, pp. 267–268.
2. "Hawaii State Archives Digital Collections". digitalcollections.hawaii.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
3. Hawaii. Minutes of the Privy Council, 1881–1892. Honolulu: Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law, William S. Richardson School of Law. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
4. Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1891). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1891". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 161. hdl:10524/661.; Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1892). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1892". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1892. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 144. hdl:10524/662.; Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1893). "Hawaiian Register and Directory for 1893". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1893. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 139. hdl:10524/663.
5. Dekneef 2016
6. Kuykendall 1967, p. 473; "Charles R. Bishop office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
7. Kuykendall 1965, p. 139.
8. "William Lowthian Green Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "William Lothian Green". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
9. "Elisha Hunt Allen Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Elisha Hunt Allen". Bioigraphical Directory of the US Congress. US Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
10. "Allen, William F. office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
11. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 214–220; "Gazette Extra". The Hawaiian Gazette. August 19, 1880. p. Image 1. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
12. Kuykendall 1967, p. 367.
13. Liliuokalani 1898, pp. 205–207
14. "Crouched upon the floor against the wall near the bedside were the king's valet Kahikina, a Hawaiian youth, and Kalua a young girl from the Gilbert Islands, who had been a most devoted servant to Kalakaua." "Kahikina and Kalua". San Francisco Chronicle. January 21, 1891. p. 10. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
15. Kuykendall 1967, p. 472.
16. "E. Payson Adams office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Charter Granted to "The Planters Labor and Supply Company". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. March 25, 1882. p. 9, cols 1–2.; "1880 Kilauea Sugar Company, Edward P. Adams president". The Hawaiian Gazette. March 3, 1880.
17. "Afong, Chun office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
18. "Aholo, Luther office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
19. "William Nevins Armstrong Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
20. Lydecker 1918, pp. 172, 175, 178, 288.
21. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "Joseph Ballard Atherton". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.; "Joseph Ballard Atherton Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
22. Dekneef 2016; Lydecker 1918, pp. 156, 178; Kuykendall 1967, p. 271; "John T. Baker Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
23. Dekneef 2016; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 205–211, 473; Lydecker 1918, p. 143; "The Election". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. February 14, 1880. p. 2.; "Robert Hoapili Baker Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
24. "Edwin Harbottle Boyd office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 13, 2019.; "Resolutions of Condolence (Privy Council on the death of E. H. Boyd)". The Hawaiian Gazette. September 15, 1875. p. 2, col. 2.
25. Lydecker 1918, pp. 172, 178, 287; "Godfrey Brown office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
26. Died Jan 27, 1884, but the newspapers listed him on the Privy Council through July.."The Buckle Inquiry". The Hawaiian Gazette. February 6, 1884. p. Image 9, col. 3. Retrieved January 20, 2019.; "William Buckle office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 13, 2019.; Victoria S. Creed, Waihona ʻAina Corp. & Cultural Surveys Hawaii and Isaaca Hanson, a descendant of Leoiki (Oct 17–19, 2008). "Early Western Diminishment of the Hawaiian Women's Rights". Society for Hawaiian Archaeology Conference. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
27. "John Edward Bush office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
28. "Henry Augustus Peirce Carter office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
29. "Samuel Northrup Castle office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
30. "Archibald Scott Cleghorn office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
31. Lydecker 1918, pp. 156, 288; "Death of R. J. Creighton". The Hawaiian Gazette. June 6, 1893. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "R. J. Creighton Dead". The Hawaiian Star. June 1, 1893. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Robert James Creighton office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
32. Lydecker 1918, pp. 127, 178, 182; "John Adams Cummins office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
33. "Samuel Mills Damon office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
34. Lydecker 1918, pp. 156, 288; "John T. Dare office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
35. "John Owen Dominis Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
36. "James Isaac Dowsett Sr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "An Old Identity Is Gone". Evening Bulletin. June 15, 1898. pp. 1, 5. Retrieved January 14, 2018.; "New City Mill Building Dedicated to J. I. Dowsett 1950". The Honolulu Advertiser. December 28, 1950. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Kimo Pelekane". Images of Old Hawaiʻi. 17 July 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
37. Lydecker 1918, pp. 182, 189, 225; "John Ena Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
38. Lydecker 1918, pp. 139, 143, 147, 152, 156, 289; "Walter M. Gibson Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
39. Lydecker 1918, pp. 152, 156, 182, 289; "Charles T. Gulick Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
40. "Edwin Oscar Hall Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
41. "Charles Coffin Harris Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
42. "Alfred S. Hartwell Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
43. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 281, 283, 363, 365; "1924 Death of F. H. Hayselden". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. January 3, 1924. p. 6.; "1903 Death of Mrs. Talula Hayselden". Hawaii Herald. May 28, 1903. p. 2.
44. Lydecker 1918, pp. 107, 109, 182; "John Green Hoapili Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
45. "Ferdinand William Hutchison Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
46. "Curtis P. Iaukea obit". The Honolulu Advertiser. March 6, 1940. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Curtis P. Iaukea Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
47. George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "William G. Irwin". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.; "William George Irwin Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 60, 82, 85, 90, 102, 291–292
48. Lydecker 1918, pp. 113, 291; "W. Claude Jones Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
49. "Albert Francis Judd Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
50. "Charles Hastings Judd Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
51. Lydecker 1918, pp. 117, 121, 124, 127, 136, 143, 147, 291;"Simon Kaloa Kaʻai Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
52. Lydecker 1918, pp. 74, 103, 127; "J. Kahai Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
53. "David Kahanu Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
54. "Henry A. Kahanu Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
55. Lydecker 1918, pp. 51, 55, 61, 64, 69, 74, 81, 117; "S. P. Kalama Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; Young, Peter T. (June 16, 2016). "Simon Peter Kalama". Images of Old Hawaiʻi. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
56. Lydecker 1918, p. 143; "A. Kalauli Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
57. "Charles Kanaina Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
58. "Paul Puhiula Kanoa Jr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
59. "Paulo Kanoa Sr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
60. "John Mākini Kapena Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
61. Lydecker 1918, pp. 86, 147, 152, 156, 172, 175, 178, 182, 226, 231, 236, 239, 247, 293;"J.Kauhane Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
62. Lydecker 1918, pp. 143, 147, 152, 156, 217, 293;"John Lot Kaulukou Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
63. Lydecker 1918, pp. 103, 107, 143, 147, 156, 182, 293; "John K. Kaunamano Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
64. "Joseph U. Kawainui Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Joseph U. Kawainui". The Hawaiian Gazette. October 25, 1895. p. 6. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
65. "The Late David Leleo Kinimaka". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. March 22, 1884. pp. 3–4. Retrieved January 13, 2019.; "Kinimaka, D. K. L. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
66. "Samuel Kipi Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
67. Kuykendall 1967, p. 214; "Moses Kuaea Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
68. "Huaka Kuihelani Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
69. "Prince William P. Leleiohoku Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
70. Lydecker 1918, pp. 136, 143, 147, 152, 156, 272, 274; Kuykendall 1967, pp. 194–195; "Edward K. Lilikalani Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 6, 2019.; "Hawaiian Chief Joins Majority, E K. Lilikalani obit". Hilo Daily Tribune. November 13, 1917.
71. Kuykendall 1967, p. 473; "George W. Macfarlane Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
72. "M. Mahuka Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "1874 act to provide Methuselah Mahuka with a settlement". The Hawaiian Gazette. August 5, 1874. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
73. "J. W. Makalena Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
74. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 237, 476; "Lawrence McCully Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
75. "John Moanauli Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "The Late Hon. J. Moanauli". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. December 15, 1883. pp. 3, col. 4. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
76. "William Luther Moehonua Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 10, 2019.; "William Luther Moehonua died Sept 8 1878". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
77. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 213–225; "Editorial and etc". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. August 21, 1880. p. Image 2. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Celso Cesar Moreno Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
78. Lydecker 1918, pp. 51, 107, 109, 117, 121, 136, 139, 143, 147, 152, 156, 297; "John Mott-Smith Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; George F. Nellist, ed. (1925). "John Mott-Smith". The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders. Honolulu Star-Bulletin.
79. "Peter (Paul) Nahaolelua Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
80. Lydecker 1918, pp. 103, 124, 127, 147, 152, 156, 297; "David Hopeni Nahinu Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
81. "Paul Neumann Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
82. "William Cooper Parke Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019."Death of Hon. W. H. Parke May 30 1889". The Honolulu Advertiser. May 30, 1889. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
83. Kuykendall 1967, p. 581; "Samuel Parker Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
84. Lydecker 1918, pp. 178, 188, 298; "Arthur P. Peterson Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
85. Lydecker 1918, pp. 136, 139, 143, 298; "Edward Preston Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
86. Kuykendall 1967, pp. 39, 129–130, 195, 255, 272, 473; "Godfrey Rhodes Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection.; "Godfrey Rhodes:Died This Morning After Short Illness". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. September 8, 1897. p. Image 1.
87. "Privy Council of State". The Daily Bulletin. April 22, 1892. p. Image 2. col. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2018.; "George E. Richardson Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.l "George Richardson Death". The Honolulu Advertiser. April 18, 1892.
88. Lydecker 1918, p. 299;"Antone Rosa Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
89. "W. E. Rowell to Be Interred at Old Kawaiahao". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. March 20, 1916. pp. 11, col. 3. Retrieved January 14, 2018.; "William E. Rowell Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "W. E. Rowell To Be Interred In Old Kawaihao". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. March 20, 1916.
90. "William James Smith Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Death of W. J. Smith Mar 22, 1896". The Hawaiian Gazette. March 24, 1896. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
91. Lydecker 1918, pp. 178, 182, 299; "Charles Nichols Spencer Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
92. "Resolutions Passed In". November 13, 1875. p. Image 2, col. 3. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "Richard H. Stanley Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
93. "Robert Stirling Death". Evening Bulletin. January 2, 1890. Retrieved January 13, 2019.; "Robert Stirling Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
94. Lydecker 1918, pp. 172, 175, 178, 299.
95. Kuykendall 1967, p. 314; "Captain Tripp Will Be Laid At Rest Today". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. December 29, 1913. p. Image 5. Retrieved January 5, 2019.; "Alfred N. Tripp Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
96. "John Smith Walker Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
97. "John Thomas Waterhouse, Jr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
98. "Henry Martyn Whitney Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "The Death of H. M. Whitney". The Independent. August 18, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
99. "Hermann A. Widemann Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
100. Lydecker 1918, pp. 113, 132, 136, 139, 143, 156, 175, 247; "Samuel G. Wilder Sr. Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
101. Lydecker 1918, pp. 107, 109, 113; "William P. Wood Office Record" (PDF). Hawaii State Archives Digital Collection. Retrieved January 14, 2019.; "W. P. Wood died". The Hawaiian Star. October 20, 1894. Retrieved January 19, 2019.

Bibliography

• Dekneef, Matthew (June 10, 2016). "These are the two Hawaiian brothers who modeled for the iconic Kamehameha statue". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. OCLC 47008868.
• Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1967). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty. Vol. 3. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1. OCLC 500374815.
• Liliuokalani, Queen (1898). Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani. Boston, MA: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co. – via HathiTrust.
• Lydecker, Robert C. (1918). Rosters of Legislatures of Hawaii 1841–1918. The Honolulu Gazette Col., Ltd.

Thrums

• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1875). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1875". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 12. hdl:10524/664.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1876). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1876". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 63. hdl:10524/665.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1877). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1877". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 56. hdl:10524/658.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1878). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1878". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 5. hdl:10524/667.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1879). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1879". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 3. hdl:10524/669.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1880). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1880". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 33. hdl:10524/656.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1881). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1881". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 9. hdl:10524/23168.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1882). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1882". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 77. hdl:10524/23169.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1883). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 74. hdl:10524/657.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1884). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1884". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 76. hdl:10524/985.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1885). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1885". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 84. hdl:10524/1078.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1886). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1886". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 81. hdl:10524/1484.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1887). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1887". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 91. hdl:10524/659.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1888). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1888". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 91. hdl:10524/666.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1889). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1889". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 102. hdl:10524/655.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1890). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1890". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. pp. 117–118. hdl:10524/31851.
• Thrum, Thomas G., ed. (1891). "Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 161. hdl:10524/661.

Ka Huli Ao Digital Archives, Punawaiola.org

Minutes of the Privy Council, 1873–1892

• Hawaii. Minutes of the Privy Council, 1873–1875. Honolulu: Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law, William S. Richardson School of Law. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Hawaii. Minutes of the Privy Council, 1875–1881. Honolulu: Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law, William S. Richardson School of Law. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Hawaii. Minutes of the Privy Council, 1881–1892. Honolulu: Ka Huli Ao Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law, William S. Richardson School of Law. Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)