John Gano

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The Reverend
John Gano
Born(1727-07-22)July 22, 1727
Hopewell, New Jersey, Province of New Jersey
Died(1804-08-10)August 10, 1804 (aged 77)
Frankfort, Kentucky
MonumentsGano Chapel at William Jewell College
NationalityAmerican
Other names"The Hero of Chatterton Hill" and "The Fighting Chaplain"
EducationPrinceton University
Occupation(s)1st Chaplain of the Kentucky Legislature, Minister, and Soldier
Known forWriting "Biographical memoirs of the late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort" and allegedly baptizing George Washington
SpouseMary Stites (m. 1755; died 1792)
Children11
HonoursMembership in Society of the Cincinnati
Military Service
Allegiance United States of America
Service / branchContinental Army
Years of service1776-1783
RankBrigade Chaplain
Unit19th Continental Regiment
See battles
1st Chaplain of the Kentucky Legislature
In office
November 8, 1798 – August 10, 1804
Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York
In office
November 12, 1784 – April 13, 1787

John Gano (July 22, 1727– August 10, 1804) was an American Baptist minister, soldier, patriot, and military chaplain who allegedly baptized his friend, George Washington.[1][2] He was also notable for his bravery at the Battle of White Plains and crossing the Delaware River with General Washington.[3][4] Gano later served as the first chaplain of the Kentucky Legislature in 1798.[5] He was the founder of the Gano political family, which included several generations of politicians and military officers.

Early life

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Gano was born on July 22, 1727 in Hopewell, New Jersey.[2] He was raised as a Presbyterian. His father was a descendant of French Calvinists (Huguenots) and his mother of English Baptists. After a powerful conversion experience, John Gano eventually became a Calvinist Baptist as a young man after a period of intense study. Gano left the family farm to study at Princeton University (then the College of New Jersey) but left before graduating. Gano was ordained as pastor of the Scotch Plains Baptist Church on May 29, 1754. In 1760, he became the founding pastor of what later became the First Baptist Church in the City of New York. Gano served as pastor of the New York Church until 1787, however, he made long itinerant trips evangelizing throughout the thirteen colonies, asserting

I... had a right to proclaim free grace wherever I went.[6]

Gano travelled throughout the South, Middle Atlantic States, and New England, sometimes being away from home for as long as two years. In 1764, Gano joined several others as an original fellow or trustee for the chartering of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (the former name for Brown University, originally a Baptist school).[7]

Revolutionary War

During the American Revolution, Gano served as a soldier and a chaplain for the Continental Army.[8] On October 28, 1776, Gano was present at the Battle of White Plains. He was stationed on Chatterton Hill with the 19th Infantry Regiment who were suffering heavy losses from the British. He walked in front of the troops while under fire and encouraged them not to retreat but to keep fighting. He wrote in his memoirs saying "My station in time of action I knew to be with the surgeons, but in this battle I somehow got in the front of the regiment, yet I durst not quit my place for fear of dampening the spirits of the soldiers or of bringing on myself the imputation of cowardice."[1][9] It was after this battle he earned the nicknames "The Hero of Chatterton Hill" and "The Fighting Chaplain".[2][10][3]

On December 26, 1776, Gano participated in George Washington's famous crossing of the Delaware River and was also present at the Battle of Trenton that followed.[11] In the Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution it states "He (Gano) crossed the Wintry Delaware with the army when it made its fearful midnight march on Trenton, and shared in the dangers of the battle that followed".[4][12][13] Gano served at the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery on October 6, 1777 near West Point while serving under General George Clinton.[14] He later took part in the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition in 1779.[15] Gano was chosen by General Washington to say a prayer marking the official end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783.[8]

Post-war career

After the War, Gano returned to his congregation in New York. On May 1, 1784, Gano was elected to the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York alongside John Jay and Alexander Hamilton.[16] By 1787, Gano moved to Kentucky where he would live at until his death in 1804.[17] On June 17, 1793, future vice-president Aaron Burr wrote Gano a letter congratulating a friend of Gano's named John Edwards (1748-1837) for getting elected to the Kentucky Senate.[18]

On November 9, 1798, Gano was elected as the first chaplain for the Kentucky Legislature as stated in the Journal of the Kentucky House of Representatives "In Senate: Resolved that the Rev. John Gano be appointed chaplain to the general assembly; in which they request the concurrence of this house."[5] He was also a member of the Society of Cincinnati.[19]

Family

His first wife was Mary Stites. They married in 1755 in Queens, New York. They had the following children:[20]

● John Stites Gano (December 1755 - December 14, 1765), died at 10 years old.

● Daniel Gano (November 11, 1758 - April 1849), attended Brown University at age 17 but left and joined the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He became a captain and served on the staff of General Clinton. He eventually moved to Kentucky after the war.[21]

● Maragret Peggy Gano (December 29, 1760 - June 11, 1837)

● Stephen Gano (December 25, 1762 - August 18, 1828), was a notable physician and pastor in New York. He was also a Freemason.

● Sarah Gano (February 4, 1764 - ?)

● John Stites Gano (July 14, 1766 - January 1, 1822), became a Major General of the First Division of Ohio Militia in 1804. He later served in the War of 1812. In 1791 he "was a topographical engineer at the head of the engineers making a path for General St. Clair's march to the Indian country, and was present at St. Clair's defeat November 4, 1791."[22][23] His son was Aaron Goforth Gano, one of the earliest graduates of the United States Military Academy in the class of 1818. Aaron served as a lieutenant in the "Third United States Artillery".[24]

● Unknown daughter (1768 - ?)

● Isaac Eaton Gano (May 4, 1870 - October 8, 1811)

● Susannah Gano (November 8, 1777 - 1856), married John Price in Frankfort, Kentucky.[25][26][27] They were the parents of Missouri state senator John G. Price, who was the father of Texas Legislator William Hubbel Price.[28][29] They also had a daughter named Margaret Hubbel Price, who married Lewis Sanders. Margaret and Lewis were the parents of William Price Sanders, a West Point graduate of the class of 1856. William Price Sanders became a Colonel in the Union Army during the Civil War. Lewis Sanders and Margaret Price also had a daughter who married millionaire James Ben Ali Haggin[30]

● Richard Montgomery Gano (July 7, 1779 - October 15, 1815), married Elizabeth Ewing in 1797. He became a U.S. Army Brigadier-General during the War of 1812. His son John Allan Gano, became a notable Baptist Minister during the Restoration Movement. John Allan Gano was the father of Richard Montgomery Gano, who served as a Confederate General during the Civil War.[31]

● William B. Gano ( 1781 - ?)

Mary Stites had a sister named Margaret Stites who married James Manning, a Baptist minister and the first president of Brown University.[32]

Mary Stites died April 23, 1792 and John Gano then married Sarah Hunt on April 15, 1793. They remained married until his death.[33]

Death

Gano died on August 10, 1804, and is buried in the Daughters Of The Revolutionary War Section of the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky, just beyond Daniel Boone's grave. Before his death, Gano wrote and published an autobiography of his life.

Descendants

Gano's descendants include billionaire Howard Robard Hughes Jr., whose mother was Allene (Gano) Hughes; Admiral Roy Alexander Gano; Confederate States of America General Richard Montgomery Gano, chemist Francis Gano Benedict, and Civil War Officers Stephen Gano Burbridge, William Hubbell Price, and William Price Sanders. The Wright brothers Orville and Wilbur, who invented the first successful airplane were Gano's 3rd great nephews through his sister Susannah.[34]

Alleged baptism of George Washington

In 1889, two of Gano's grandchildren claimed in an affidavit[35] that Gano's eldest daughter told them that Gano had baptized Washington by immersion at Valley Forge when he was one of Washington's chaplains.[36]

The story is rejected by a portion of secular historians. Dr. William Grady in his book What Hath God Wrought: A Biblical Interpretation of American history believes the account to be authentic. Washington biographer and uncle of Howard Hughes, Rupert Hughes, researched the matter and determined that Rev. Gano served with George Clinton's army, not with Washington's, that the location is sometimes given as Valley Forge and sometimes as the Potomac, that there is no documentation of Gano ever being at Valley Forge, that there is nothing in Gano's own correspondence or his biography to suggest that the event took place, and that none of the 42 reputed witnesses ever documented the event.[37][38]

Gano Chapel in 2010

Gano Chapel at William Jewell College in Missouri is named after John Gano, and displays a painting of Gano baptizing Washington. The school takes no stance on whether the baptism of Washington actually took place. The chapel also contains a sword owned by the Marquis de Lafayette that Washington purportedly gave to Gano.

Washington's church, Anglican, believed in infant baptism and his christening is recorded as taking place on April 5, 1732, about six weeks after he was born.[39]

References

  1. ^ a b "Religion: Washington's Baptism" Time Magazine, September 5, 1932 http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744297,00.html Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b c Research, Kentucky Kindred Genealogical (2021-10-28). "Rev. John Gano and Wife Sarah – First Revolutionary Soldier Re-Interred in D.A.R. Lot in Frankfort Cemetery – Franklin County". Kentucky Kindred Genealogy. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  3. ^ a b "August 9". Calvary Independent Baptist Church of Post Falls, Idaho. 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
  4. ^ a b Headley, J. T. (1864). The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. C. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7905-5052-7.
  5. ^ a b "John Gano Chosen Chaplain for Kentucky General Assembly". baptisthistoryhomepage.com. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  6. ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
  7. ^ Charter of Brown University Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b McKibbens, Thomas R. (1986). The Forgotten Heritage: A Lineage of Great Baptist Preaching. Mercer. ISBN 978-0-86554-186-3.
  9. ^ "Colonel Charles Webb's Regimant, 1776 - 19th Continental | Connecticut In The Revolution | American Wars". www.americanwars.org. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
  10. ^ Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 1894.
  11. ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
  12. ^ The United States Army Chaplaincy. Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army. 1977.
  13. ^ Thompson, Parker C. (1978). From Its European Antecedents to 1791: The United States Army Chaplaincy. Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army.
  14. ^ Sterner, Eric (2024-04-10). "Reverend John Gano and the battle for Forts Montgomery and Clinton". Emerging Revolutionary War Era. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  15. ^ "sullbio2". www.usgwarchives.net. Retrieved 2024-03-05.
  16. ^ Chester, Alden; Williams, Edwin Melvin (2005). Courts and Lawyers of New York: A History, 1609-1925. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-424-2.
  17. ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
  18. ^ "Aaron Burr letter to Rev. John Gano". exploreuk.uky.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-08.
  19. ^ Schuyler, John (1886). Institution of the Society of the Cincinnati: Formed by the Officers of the American Army of the Revolution, 1783, with Extracts, from the Proceedings of Its General Meetings and from the Transactions of the New York State Society. Society.
  20. ^ Gano, John (1806). Biographical Memoirs of the Late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): Formerly of the City of New York. Southwick and Hardcastle.
  21. ^ "Wayback Machine". files.usgwarchives.net. Archived from the original on 2022-04-05. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  22. ^ "Stites family at 1788 landing at Columbia, Ohio". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 1922-05-21. p. 61. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  23. ^ "Rev. John Gano's son John S. G - Genealogy.com". www.genealogy.com. Retrieved 2025-01-09.
  24. ^ "Cook Co., IL Biography - Col. Nicholas P. Iglehart". sites.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  25. ^ Clift, G. Glenn (1938). "Kentucky Marriages and Obituaries—1787-1860". Register of Kentucky State Historical Society. 36 (115): 158–182. ISSN 2328-8183.
  26. ^ admin (2003-12-23). "Gundlach Richardson Price Line". The Stebbins Family. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  27. ^ "Marriages Kentucky". genealogytrails.com. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  28. ^ Official Manual of the State of Missouri. Secretary of State. 1905.
  29. ^ admin (2003-12-23). "Gundlach Richardson Price Line". The Stebbins Family. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  30. ^ Research, Kentucky Kindred Genealogical (2014-10-19). "Versailles Cemetery – Sanders/Haupt/Amsden Families". Kentucky Kindred Genealogy. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  31. ^ "History of the Restoration Movement". www.therestorationmovement.com. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
  32. ^ "John Gano by Reuben Guild, 1879". baptisthistoryhomepage.com. Archived from the original on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
  33. ^ The life and ministry of John Gano, 1727-1804. Internet Archive. Springfield, Mo. : Particular Baptist Press. 1998. ISBN 978-1-888514-03-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  34. ^ "John Gano Genealogy: Family Tree & Famous Relatives". famouskin.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  35. ^ "Text of affidavit". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11.
  36. ^ "Religion: Washington's Baptism". Time. Time Inc. September 5, 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  37. ^ "Rupert Hughes' rebuttal of the Gano baptism legend in Time magazine". September 26, 1932. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  38. ^ "Franklin Steiner's refutation of the Gano baptism legend". Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  39. ^ "George Washington Facts: Myths and legends", The college at Chester, Washington College, June 2011

Bibliography

  • Gano, John. "A Chaplain of the Revolution: Memoirs of the Rev. John Gano." Historical Magazine, 5 (November 1861), pp. 330–335.
  • Wolever, Terry. "The Life & Ministry of John Gano - Volume I." Springfield, MO: Particular Baptist Press, 1998.
  • John Gano, Biographical memoirs of the late Rev. John Gano, of Frankfort (Kentucky): formerly of the city of New York (Printed by Southwick and Hardcastle for J. Tiebout, 1806).