Iris italica var. cengialti (Ambrosi ex A.Kern.) Nyman
Iris pallida subsp. cengialti is a subspecies in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatousperennial, from Italy and (part of the former country of Yugoslavia) Slovenia. It has yellowish-green, glaucous, lanceolate or ensiform leaves, tall stem, green flushed with purple spathes, 2 short branches, 2–3 scented flowers, in shades of violet, blue-violet, deep purple, blue-purple, deep blue-purple, pale purple, deep blue, to mid-blue. It has a yellow or orange tipped beard. It was originally published as Iris cengialti but then re-classified as a subspecies of Iris pallida, and known as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti, but it is often still called Iris cengialti. It is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant in temperate regions.
Description
It has a long,[2][3] stout,[4] fleshy, light-coloured (underground) rhizome.[2] That is 1–3 cm wide (in diameter),[2][3] and has long secondary roots.[3] It forms creeping plants.[4]
It has yellowish-green,[4][5] lanceolate,[2] or ensiform (sword-shaped),[4] leaves, that are glaucous.[4][6] The basal leaves,[3] can grow up to between 15 and 50 cm (6 and 20 in) long, and about 1.3 cm wide.[2][4][5] The herbaceous leaves (die in the winter),[4] sheath the stem.[2][3]
It has a round (in section) stem,[2][3] or peduncle, that can grow up to between 30 and 45 cm (12 and 18 in),[7][8][9] or 20–60 cm (8–24 in) tall.[2][10]
The stems are taller than the leaves,[4][5] and at higher levels on the mountains, the plants are shorter.[6] It is also shorter than Iris pallida.[11]
The stem has glaucous green and ensiform spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[3] They are slightly flushed with purple,[5] and before flowering, they become pale brown,[6] (scarious) membranous,[4] and papery,[5] They are 2.5 cm long,[4] and between 2 and 4 cm (1 and 2 in) wide.[3]
It has 2 short branches (or pedicels).[4][5] The stems (and the branches) hold between 2 and 3 flowers,[3][4][11] It can have up to 6 flowers,[8] but normally has 3 flowers,[5] in spring, between April and June,[3] or May,[12] to July.[10]
The small,[6] scented flowers,[3][8] are 6–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter,[2] come in shades of blue, from violet,[11] blue-violet,[2][8][13] deep purple,[14] blue-purple,[3][4][15] deep blue-purple,[7][9][16] pale purple,[3] deep blue,[10] to mid-blue.[17]
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[2][3][18]: 17 The falls are obovate or cuneate shaped,[3][4] they are 5–8.6 cm (2–3 in) long and 2.5–3.4 cm (1–1 in) wide.[3][4] In the centre of the falls, is a short,[5] (16–30 mm,[3]) thick row of small hairs (the beard), which is yellowish-white,[2][3][7] bright yellow,[16] or white with orange tips.[4][5][9] The standards are a similar size to the falls.[4]
It has 2.5 cm long style branch, that is paler than the falls and standards, and has deltoid crests.[4]
It also has a six grooved, ellipsoid ovary,[5] and a 0.6–0.8 cm long perianth tube.[4][5]
After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid seed capsule, that is 3–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1 cm wide, with 3 sections, which contain 15–20 oval grey or yellowish seeds.[2][3]
Genetics
In 1956, a karyotype analysis was carried out on 40 species of Iris, belonging to the subgenera Eupogoniris and Pogoniris. It found that 24-chromosome tall bearded species could be divided into 3 karyotypes of Iris pallida. Iris kashmiriana has 2 pairs of median-constricted marker chromosomes, Iris illyrica, Iris cengialti, and Iris imbricata, lastly Iris variegata, Iris reginae (later classified as a synonym of Iris variegata), and Iris perrieri all have no median-constricted chromosomes.[19]
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[18]: 18
It has a chromosome count: 2n=24.[20]
Taxonomy
It is commonly known as 'Iris del Cengio',[2] 'Monte Cengio iris'.[3][12][21]
In Italy, it is known as 'Giaggiolo del Cengio Alto'.[22] In Slovenia, it is known as 'Bohinj Iris',[10][23][24] or 'Bòcje of lof'.[2] In German, it is known as 'Rovereto Schwertlilie'.[25]
It was then published as Iris cengialti by Ambrosi in Flora del Tirolo Meridionale Vol.1 (Fl. Tirolo Mer.) on page 643 in 1854,[30] then fully published and described by A. Kerner in Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift (Oesterr. Bot. Z.) Vol. 21, No.9, on pages 225–231 in September 1871.[5][31][32] A. Kerner was then assigned the author of the name Iris cengialti, previously ascribed to Ambrosi.[33]
Iris pallida, Iris cengialti and Iris illyrica are all considered closely related but often given different taxonomic rank (by various authors Kerner, 1871; Ambrosi, 1854; Foster, 1886; Tommasini,
1875; Pampanini, 1909; Lausi, 1964; Mathew, 1981; Colasante, 1995: Terpin et al., 1996).[34]
In May 1886, Sir Michael Foster noted in Gardeners' Chronicle on pages554 and 555, that it had similarities with Iris pallida.[4][5]William Rickatson Dykes in his book in 'Handbook of Garden Irises' in 1914, suggested that Iris cengialti and Iris pallida were connected and should be merged under Iris pallida.[6] In 1939, Brian Mathew considered it to be a subspecies of Iris pallida.[5]
Then in Giorn. Bot. Ital. Vol.130 on page575 in 1996, Iris cengialti was classified as a synonym of Iris pallida subsp. cengialti.[29][33]
It is normally classified as Iris pallida subsp. cengialti,[2][17][35] and thought to be a naturally occurring hybrid.[17]
In Slovenia, a form of the plant is called Iris cengialti vochinensis,[23] or Iris pallida subsp. cengialti f. vochinensis.[24]
It is a rare plant,[15] although locally it is abundant on the mountains,[12] growing in masses, hanging onto relatively steep slopes.[28]
In Italy, it is listed as a protected species of regional interest (Annex B, LR 9/2007, Art. 96), and would be classed as 'vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List.[2][3]
Irises can generally be propagated by division.[41] They should be lifted every three or four years, after the flowers are over. The tuber can be divided, with the dead roots trimmed and removed. The remains can then be replanted in enriched soil (with added compost). The leaves should be cut back to half their length, to prevent wind rock.[11]
Hybrids and cultivars
It has been used in hybridizing (or breeding programmes), and the hybrids that have Iris cengialti as a parent, can have multiple flowers, on average between 5 and 8. The branches are generally short on slender stems.[42]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[43]
^ abcBezzi, A.; Aiello, N.; Villa, S.; Bicchi, C.; Rubiolo, P. (1993). "Productivity And Quality Of Rhizomes Of Some Different Types Of Iris Sp". Acta Horticulturae. 344 (344): 98–109. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.344.11.
^ abTerpina, Katia; Nardib, Enio; Garbaria, Fabio (1996). "Author and type of the name Iris cengialti (Iridaceae)". Giornale Botanico Italiano. 130 (2): 575–578. doi:10.1080/11263509609430326.