III Battle Squadron

III Battle Squadron
Dreadnoughts of the III Squadron at sea
CountryGerman Empire German Empire
BranchKaiserliche Marine
TypeSquadron
Garrison/HQWilhelmshaven
Kiel
EngagementsBattle of Jutland
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Reinhard Scheer
Paul Behncke

The III Battle Squadron was a unit of the German High Seas Fleet before and during World War I. The squadron saw action throughout the war, including the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where it formed the front of the German line. The ships were interned in Scapa Flow after the end of the war, where they were scuttled by their crews. Most of the ships of the squadron were raised for scrapping, though three remain on the bottom of the harbor.

Organization

The III Battle Squadron was divided into the V Division and the VI Division. For the first half of the wartime service of these divisions, they contained the König and Kaiser classes, respectively. During this period, the battleship SMS König served as the flagship of both the squadron and the V Division, while the battleship SMS Kaiser served as the flagship of the VI Division.[1] On 1 December 1916, the five Kaiser-class ships were transferred to the newly re-formed IV Battle Squadron while the new battleships Bayern and Baden took their place in the III Squadron.[2]

The III Battle Squadron operated from one of the two primary bases of the German fleet. The first, in the North Sea, was Wilhelmshaven on the western side of the Jade Bight. The island of Heligoland provided a fortified forward position in the German Bight.[3] The second major naval installation was at Kiel, and it was the most important base in the Baltic. Pillau and Danzig housed forward bases further east in the Baltic.[4] The Kaiser Wilhelm Canal through Schleswig-Holstein connected the Baltic and North Seas and allowed the German Navy to quickly shift naval forces between the two seas.[5]

Commanders

Konteradmiral (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Felix Funke served as the squadron commander from 1913 to December 1914.[6] On 26 December, Funke was transferred to the II Battle Squadron, whose commander Vizeadmiral (VAdm–Vice Admiral) Reinhard Scheer, replaced Funke in the III Squadron.[7] Scheer served here until January 1916, when he became the commander of the entire High Seas Fleet.[8] KAdm Paul Behncke replaced him as the squadron commander and led the unit during the Battle of Jutland, while KAdm Hermann Nordmann served as his deputy and the VI Division commander during the engagement.[1] VAdm Hugo Kraft in turn replaced Behncke in April 1918.[9]

History

Illustration of SMS König, the flagship of the III Battle Squadron

The III Battle Squadron was organized in 1913 as the new Kaiser-class battleships began to enter service, and it was fully stood up by November 1914, when the last König-class ship joined the unit. The III Squadron led the German battle line during all of the major operations during World War I. These included the support missions for the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group as they bombarded the British coast in attempts to lure out part of the British Grand Fleet, such as the raids on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914 and on Yarmouth and Lowestoft in April 1916.[10] At the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, the III Squadron battleships bore the brunt of British gunfire;[11] the flagship König was hit several times by heavy-caliber shells and damaged badly, but she nevertheless remained in action and returned to port for repairs.[12][13]

The Squadron, with König again in the van, was present for the operations of 18–19 August and on 18–19 October.[14] In October and November 1917, the squadron participated in Operation Albion, the seizure of the Gulf of Riga.[15] During the Battle of Moon Sound, two of the squadron's battleships, König and Kronprinz, sank the Russian battleship Slava and hit the battleship Tsesarevich.[16] In late April 1918, the High Seas Fleet attempted to attack one of the heavily escorted British convoys to Norway, but the operation was cancelled after the battlecruiser Moltke broke down.[17]

The III Squadron was to have participated in a final battle with the Grand Fleet in October 1918, in the closing weeks of the war. Mutinies broke out, first in the ships of the I Battle Squadron, when the war-weary crews learned of the suicidal plan; the unrest forced Scheer to cancel the operation.[18] After Germany signed the Armistice at Compiègne, most ships of the High Seas Fleet, including the III Squadron, were interned at the main British naval base at Scapa Flow, where they were eventually scuttled by their crews on 21 June 1919.[19] Most of the ships were eventually raised by British salvage firms, though three battleships, all from the III Squadron—König, Kronprinz, and Markgraf—remain on the sea floor, too deep to raise.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Tarrant, p. 286
  2. ^ Halpern, p. 214
  3. ^ Halpern, p. 10
  4. ^ Halpern, p. 182
  5. ^ Halpern, p. 179
  6. ^ Scheer, p. 13
  7. ^ Scheer, p. 74
  8. ^ Sweetman, p. 393
  9. ^ Sondhaus, p. 344
  10. ^ Tarrant, pp. 31–33, 53
  11. ^ Halpern, p. 327
  12. ^ Tarrant, p. 187–188
  13. ^ Campbell, p. 190
  14. ^ Staff, pp. 15, 35
  15. ^ Halpern, p. 213
  16. ^ Halpern, p. 218
  17. ^ Halpern, pp. 419–420
  18. ^ Tarrant, pp. 280–282
  19. ^ Herwig, pp. 254–256
  20. ^ van der Vat, pp. 210–214

See also

References

  • Campbell, John (1998). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 1-55821-759-2.
  • Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
  • Herwig, Holger (1980). "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-286-9.
  • Scheer, Reinhard (1920). Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War. Cassell and Company, ltd.
  • Sondhaus, Lawrence (2014). The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139992534.
  • Staff, Gary (2010). German Battleships: 1914–1918 (Volume 2). Oxford: Osprey Books. ISBN 978-1-84603-468-8.
  • Sweetman, Jack (1997). The Great Admirals: Command at Sea, 1587-1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-229-1.
  • Tarrant, V. E. (1995). Jutland: The German Perspective. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0-304-35848-7.
  • van der Vat, Dan (1986). The Grand Scuttle. Worcester: Billing & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-86228-099-0.