Herpetotherium is an extinct genus of metatherian mammal, belonging to the possibly paraphyletic family Herpetotheriidae. Native to North America from the Eocene to Early Miocene, fossils have been found in California, Oregon, Texas, Florida, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Saskatchewan.[1] The oldest species, H. knighti, is dated to around 50.3 mya,[2] and the most recent, an unnamed species, may be as recent as 15.97 mya.[1] A morphological analysis of marsupials and basal metatherians conducted in 2007 found Herpetotherium to be the sister group to extant marsupials.[3] It is the youngest known metatherian from North America until the migration of the Virginia opossum from South America within the last 2 million years.[4]
Herpetotherium fugax
Some authors have regarded the species assigned to Herpetotherium (for instance, H. comstocki, H. marsupium, and H. merriami) as belonging to African and European genus Peratherium Aymard, 1850 on the basis of Simpson's observation that "the upper molars ... agree closely with Peratherium, less closely with other didelphid genera" and on Cope himself recognizing "there is no valid distinction between Herpetotherium and Peratherium" (Simpson, 1928, p. 6) [5][6][7] Yet other authors have continued to maintain generic separation for Herpetotherium and continue to assign new North American species of herpetotheriid marsupials to this genus.[8][9][10][11]
Species
RestorationH. fugax (syn. Didelphys pygmaea, H. scalare, H. tricuspis, Peratherium fugax) (type)
H. huntii
H. knighti (syn. Centracodon delicatus, Entomacodon minutus, Peratherium morrisi)
H. marsupium Troxell, 1923, p. 508[12] (syn. Peratherium marsupium according to Simpson, 1928[13][14])
H. merriami (Stock and Furlong, 1922, originally named within Peratherium as Stock agreed with Simpson that Herpetotherium Cope 1873 was synonymous with Peratherium)
Herpetotherium has long been recognized as having a primitive morphology compared to other marsupials. For instance, Osborn (1907, p. 111) thought it represented an ancestral stock to both "later carnivorous and herbivorous types of marsupials", and thought it was evidence that polyprotodont opossum-like mammals must have given rise to other marsupials (Osborn, 1910, p. 154). Troxell (1923) strongly fixated on mandibular characters of Herpetotherium (though speaking specifically of H. marsupium, yet these are generally true of Herpetotherium) that he felt were especially comparable to Didelphis, such as "(1) the strong canine, (2) weak anterior premolar, (3) dominance of the protocone in the premolars, (4) fourth tooth of the series molariform, (5) position of mental foramen under this tooth, (6) identical form of the molars, (7) groove on the jaw suggesting an inflected angle," yet he pointed out several differences, such as "(1) absence of diastemata around the anterior premolar, (2) trend of the mental foramen forward instead of backward, (3) the inflected angle, seeming to begin beneath the molars" (p. 510).
^Stock, Chester. "Sespe Eocene Didelphids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp. 122-124, 1935. [Peratherium californicum sp. nov. No. 1943 Calif. Inst. Tech. Vert. Pale. Coll.]
^Krishtalka and Stucky, 1983, p. 232 provides a complete review of synonymy
^Rothecker, Jennifer, and John E. Storer. "The Marsupials of the Lac Pelletier Lower Fauna, Middle Eocene (Duchesnean) of Saskatchewan." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 770-774, December 1996.
^West, Robert M. "Fossil mammals from the Lower Buck Hill Group, Eocene of Trans-Peco Texas: Marsupicarnivora, Primates, Taeniodonta, Condylarthra, Bunodont Artiodactyla, and Dinocerata." The Pearce-Sellard Series [Occasional publication of the Texas Memorial Museum, The University of Texas at Austin], no. 35, October 15, 1982.
^Korth, William W., and Jennifer Cavin. "New material of the marsupial (Mammalia, Metatheria) Herpetotherium merriami (Stock and Furlong, 1922) from the John Day Formation, late Oligocene, Oregon, USA." J. Paleontology, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1225-1232, 2016.
^Troxell, Edward Leffingwell. "A New Marsupial."American Journal of Science, vol. V, no. 30, article XLI, pp. 507-511, 1923.
