Grading of the tumors of the central nervous system

Grading of the tumors of the
CNS
Glioblastoma arising in an astrocytoma. This spinal cord exhibits both a lightly staining microcystic astrocytoma as well as a darkly staining glioblastoma.
Medicine WikiProject/Neurology task force

The concept of grading of the tumors of the central nervous system, agreeing for such the regulation of the "progressiveness" of these neoplasias (from benign and localized tumors to malignant and infiltrating tumors), dates back to 1926 and was introduced by P. Bailey and H. Cushing,[1] in the elaboration of what turned out the first systematic classification of gliomas.[2]
In the following, the grading systems present in the current literature are introduced. Then, through a table, the more relevant are compared.

ICD-O scale

MRI of a diffuse astrocytoma with differing degrees of differentiation.

The first edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) dates back to 1893. The current review (ICD-10) dates back to 1994, came into use in the U.S. in 2015, and is revised yearly, being very comprehensive.[citation needed]
In 1976 the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first edition of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O), which is now at the third edition (ICD-O-3, 2000).
In this last edition, the Arabic numeral after the character "/" indicates the "behavior" of the neoplasia, with the following meaning:[3]

  • /0 benign neoplasia
  • /1 uncertain neoplasia (benign or malignant)
  • /2 neoplasia in situ
  • /3 primary infiltrative malignant neoplasia
  • /6 secondary malignant neoplasia
  • /9 malignant neoplasia, uncertain if primitive or secondary


For the concepts of benign and malignant neoplasia see Tumor and Cancer. For primary and secondary neoplasias see Metastasis.
A brain tumor composed of benign cells, but located in a vital area (as the brain is), can be considered to be life-threatening — although the tumor and its cells would not be classified as malignant.[4]


Kernohan grading

Macroscopic pathology of glioblastoma.

The Kernohan grading system[5][6] defines progressive malignancy of astrocytomas as follows:

  • Grade 1 tumors are benign astrocytomas.
  • Grade 2 tumors are low-grade astrocytomas.
  • Grade 3 tumors are anaplastic astrocytomas.
  • Grade 4 tumors are glioblastomas.

St Anne-Mayo grading

MRI of a patient with anaplastic astrocytoma.

The St Anne-Mayo grading system[5][7][8] also is used to grade astrocytomas; however, this system uses four morphologic criteria to assign a grade:[9]

a) nuclear atypia,
b) mitosis,
c) endothelial proliferation-'piled-up' endothelial cells. NOT hypervascularity

d) necrosis.


The St. Anne-Mayo grade has four categories of tumors:[citation needed]

  • Grade 1 tumors do not meet any of the criteria.
  • Grade 2 tumors meet one criterion, usually nuclear atypia.
  • Grade 3 tumors meet two criteria, usually nuclear atypia and mitosis.
  • Grade 4 tumors meet three or four of the criteria.

WHO grading

Pilocytic astrocytoma. Nuclear hyperchromasia and pleomorphism are common. Note the typical cellular elongation, and, at the center of the illustration, the eosinophilic granular body that populates pilocytic astrocytomas and certain other slowly growing gliomas.

The World Health Organization (WHO) grading system[5][10][11][12] is contained in the volume Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, whose first edition dates back to 1979 (now up to the 5th edition, published online in 2021). The WHO grade has four categories of tumors:

  • Grade 1 tumors are slow-growing, nonmalignant, and associated with long-term survival.
  • Grade 2 tumors are relatively slow-growing but sometimes recur as higher grade tumors. They can be nonmalignant or malignant.
  • Grade 3 tumors are malignant and often recur as higher grade tumors.
  • Grade 4 tumors reproduce rapidly and are very aggressive malignant tumors.

Roman numerals (I – IV) were used unitl the 5th edition (2021) of the WHO classification of CNS tumors.
From the histological point of view the WHO system is based on the same criteria as the St Anne-Mayo system.[13][14]

Comparison of the grading systems

In the following table the various grading systems are compared (the IDC-O scale is not comprised because it is not considered a real grading system):[15][16][17]

Nome WHO WHO grade Kernohan grade St Anne/Mayo grade St Anne/Mayo criteria
Pilocytic astrocytoma 1 - 1 0 criterion
Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, grade 2 2 1/2 2 1 criterion (a)
Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, grade 3 3 3 3 2 criteria (a+b)
Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype 4 4 4 3-4 criteria (a+b[+/-c]+d)

See also

References

  1. ^ Bailey P, Cushing H (1926).
    A classification of the tumors of the glioma group on a histogenic basis with a correlated study of prognosis.
    J B Lippincott Co. Philadelphia.
  2. ^ Tonn J-C, Westphal M, Rutka JT, Grossman SA (2006).
    Neuro-Oncology of CNS Tumors
    Springer Science & Business, ISBN 3-540-25833-7.
  3. ^ Vicari P (2007).
    Principi di codifica delle neoplasie.
    Reggio Emilia dicembre 2007. Accessed on 2009-08-12.
  4. ^ "Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) & Neurofibromatosis | NIDCD". www.nidcd.nih.gov. 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  5. ^ a b c Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004).
    Data collection of primary central nervous system tumors. National Program of Cancer Registries Training Materials.
    Atlanta, Georgia: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  6. ^ Kernohan JW, Mabon RF, Svien HJ, Adson AW (1949).
    A Semplified classification of gliomas.
    Proc. Staff: Meet. Mayo Clin. 24: 71-75.
  7. ^ Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer B, O'Fallon J, Kelly P (1988).
    Grading of astrocytomas. A simple and reproducible method.
    Cancer 62: 2152-2165.
  8. ^ Kim TS, Halliday AL, Hedley W, Convery K (1991).
    Correlates of survival and the Daumas-Duport grading system for astrocytomas.
    J Neurosurg 74: 27-37.
  9. ^ "Grading Brain Tumors | SEER Training". training.seer.cancer.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  10. ^ Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW (1993).
    Histological Typing of Tumours of Central Nervous System. World Health Organization International Histological Classification of Tumours.
    2nd ed. Springer Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg.
  11. ^ Kleihues P, Kiessling M, Scheithauer BW (1987).
    The new WHO classification of brain tumours.
    Brain Pathol. 3: 255-268.
  12. ^ Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Aug;114(2):97-109. Epub 2007 Jul 6. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW, Kleihues P. Source Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
  13. ^ Grier JT, Batchelor T (2006).
    Low-Grade Gliomas in Adults Archived 2012-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
    Oncologist. 2006 Jun;11(6):681-93.
  14. ^ Buckner JC, Brown PD, O'Neill BP, Meyer FB, Wetmore CJ, Uhm JH (2007).
    Central nervous system tumors.
    Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Oct;82(10):1271-86.
  15. ^ Tatter SB (2005).
    The new WHO Classification of Tumors affecting the Central Nervous System Archived 2012-01-30 at the Wayback Machine.
    Accessed on 2009-08-12.
  16. ^ Gudinavičienė I (2004).
    Impact of morphology and biology on the prognosis of patiens with gliomas. Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
    Medicina Vol. 40, No. 2.
  17. ^ Kleihues P, Cavenee WK, eds. (2000).
    Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system. World Health Organization classification of tumours.
    Lyon, France: IARC Press ISBN 92-832-2409-4.

Bibliography

  • Kleihues P, Cavenee WK, eds. (2000). Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system.
    World Health Organization classification of tumours. Lyon, France: IARC Press ISBN 92-832-2409-4.
  • Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (eds) (2007). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. IARC, Lyon ISBN 92-832-2430-2.