Gouache

Gouache (/ɡuˈɑːʃ, ɡwɑːʃ/; French: [ɡwaʃ]), body color,^[a] or opaque watercolor is a water-medium paint consisting of natural pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum arabic or dextrin),^[1] and sometimes additional inert material. Gouache is designed to be opaque. Gouache has a long history, having been used for at least twelve centuries. It is used most consistently by commercial artists for posters, illustrations, comics, and other design work.

Gouache is similar to watercolor in that it can be rewetted and dried to a matte finish, and the paint can become infused into its paper support. It is similar to acrylic or oil paints in that it is normally used in an opaque painting style and it can form a superficial layer. Many manufacturers of watercolor paints also produce gouache, and the two can easily be used together.

Description

Gouache paint is similar to watercolor, but it is modified to make it opaque. Just as in watercolor, the binding agent has traditionally been gum arabic but since the late nineteenth century cheaper varieties use yellow dextrin. When the paint is sold as a paste, e.g. in tubes, the dextrin has usually been mixed with an equal volume of water.^[1] To improve the adhesive and hygroscopic qualities of the paint, as well as the flexibility of the rather brittle paint layer after drying, propylene glycol is often added.^[1] Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are typically larger, the ratio of pigment to binder is much higher, and an additional white filler such as chalk - a "body" - may be part of the paint. This makes gouache heavier and more opaque than watercolor, and endows it with greater reflective qualities.^[2]

Gouache generally dries to a value that differs from the one it has when wet (lighter tones generally dry darker and darker tones tend to dry lighter), which can make it difficult to match colors over multiple painting sessions. Its quick coverage and total hiding power mean that gouache lends itself to more direct painting techniques than watercolor.^[3] "En plein air" paintings take advantage of this, as do the works of J. M. W. Turner.

Gouache is today much used by commercial artists for works such as posters, illustrations, comics, and for other design work. Most 20th-century animations used it to create an opaque color on a cel with watercolor paint used for the backgrounds. Using gouache as "poster paint" is desirable for its speed as the paint layer dries completely by the relatively quick evaporation of the water.

The use of gouache is not restricted to the basic opaque painting techniques using a brush and watercolor paper. It is often applied with an airbrush. As with all types of paint, gouache has been used on unusual surfaces from Braille paper^[4] to cardboard. A variation of traditional application is the method used in the gouaches découpées (cut collages) created by Henri Matisse. His Blue Nudes series is a good example of the technique. A new variation in the formula of the paint is acrylic gouache.

History

A form of gouache, with honey or tragacanth gum as a binder, was used in Ancient Egyptian painting. It was also used in European illuminated manuscripts,^[5] as well as Persian miniatures. Although they are often described as "watercolor", Persian miniatures and Mughal miniatures are predominantly examples of gouache.^[6] The term gouache, derived from the Italian guazzo, also refers to paintings using this opaque method. "Guazzo", Italian for "mud", was originally a term applied to the early 16th-century practice of applying oil paint over a tempera base,^[7] which could give a matted effect. In the 18th century in France, the term gouache was applied to opaque watermedia.

During the eighteenth century gouache was often used in a mixed technique, for adding fine details in pastel paintings. Gouache was typically made by mixing watercolours based on gum arabic with an opaque white pigment. In the nineteenth century, watercolours began to be industrially produced in tubes and a "Chinese white" tube was added to boxes for this purpose. Gouache tends to be used in conjunction with watercolor, and often ink or pencil, in 19th-century paintings.

Later that century, for decorative uses "poster paint" (as it is known in the U.S.), was mass-produced, based on the much cheaper dextrin binder. It was sold in cans or as a powder to be mixed with water. The dextrin replaced older paint types based on hide glue or size. During the twentieth century, gouache began to be specially manufactured in tubes for more refined artistic purposes. Initially, gum arabic was used as a binder but soon cheaper brands were based on dextrin, as is most paint for children.

Asphodelus ramosus by Hans Simon Holtzbecker, 1649–1659, gouache on parchment, 50.5 cm × 38.5 cm (20 in × 15+1⁄4 in)
Exeter and the Canal Basin by John Gendall between 1835 and 1840; watercolour and gouache on paper
Honoré Daumier, Une cause célèbre, ca.1862
Claude Monet, Sunset at Sea, 1865–70, Ashmolean Museum , Oxford
Battery Park in New York by Glenn O. Coleman (1887–1932), 31 cm × 42 cm (12+1⁄4 in × 16+1⁄2 in)
Josep Maria Tamburini, Young Girl with a Hat, 1909, 38 cm × 25 cm (15 in × 9+3⁄4 in)
Léon Bénigni, cover design for Femina magazine, 1920s.jpg
Roman Nyman, stage design for a drama, 1923. Tartu Art Museum, Estonia

Acrylic gouache

A relatively new variation in the formula of the paint is acrylic gouache. Its highly concentrated pigment is similar to traditional gouache, but it is mixed with an acrylic-based binder, unlike traditional gouache, which is mixed with gum arabic. It is water-soluble when wet and dries to a matte, opaque, and water-resistant surface when dry. Acrylic gouache differs from acrylic paint because it contains additives to ensure the matte finish.^[8]

Notes

^ The alternate term "body color" is sometimes one word "bodycolor".

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Doerner, Max (1977). Schilderkunst — materiaal en techniek. Amerongen: Gaade. p. 113. ISBN 9060178289.
^ Cohn, Marjorie (1977). Wash and Gouache. Cambridge: Center for Conservation and Technical Studies, Fogg Art Museum. ISBN 0916724069.
^ Dehn, Adolf (1955). Water Color, Gouache, and Casein Painting. New York: Studio. OCLC 1192031.
^ Vienna Parreno has painted on Braille paper. "Beyond Retinal Titillation: Seeing Red: Blog: Vienna Parreno". Archived from the original on 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
^ Osborne, Harold (ed), The Oxford Companion to Art, p. 496, 1970, OUP, ISBN 019866107X
^ "The Minassian Collection of Persian, Mughal, and Indian Miniature Paintings". library.brown.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^ Mayer, Ralph. The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0-670-83701-6
^ Buchman, Bill (2010). Expressive Figure Drawing: New Materials, Concepts, and Techniques. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 50. ISBN 9780823033140.