Georg Karg

Georg Karg (August 2, 1888 - November 27, 1972 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) was a German businessman in the department store industry.[1] After rising in the employ of the Hermann Tietz Department Stores,[2][3] Karg took over the company when it was Aryanized, that is forcibly transferred to non-Jewish owners under the Nazis. After the Jewish owners were forced out, Karg was appointed managing director, running the stores under the name Hertie.[4]

Life

Born on August 2, 1888, in Friedeberg in der Neumark, Karg was the seventh child of ten siblings of the small cloth manufacturer and later textile retailer Karl Karg and his wife Luise. After an apprenticeship in the textile department store F. R. Knothe in the neighboring district town of Meseritz, Karg began working in 1908 as a simple textile salesman in a department store of Adolf Jandorf's Berlin department store chain. Thanks to his diligence and near-photographic memory, Jandorf promoted him to textile buyer after just one year. In 1913, Jandorf appointed him general manager of the second largest Jandorf department store on Wilmersdorfer Strasse with 600 employees.

After the sale of the Jandorf chain to the Hermann Tietz Group at the end of 1926, Karg became head of central textile purchasing at Hermann Tietz OHG. This made him "one of the best-paid department store managers in Germany" and in 1931 he could afford to turn down a lucrative offer from the Karstadt Group of 500,000 Reichsmarks in annual salary.[3]

Nazi era

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, the Tietz family members and the Tietz group, which had been targetted even earlier,[5] were persecuted under Nazi antisemitic racial laws. The Hermann Tietz Group was heavily indebted due to its expansion in the 1920s and the subsequent global economic crisis. However, massive payment difficulties were created only by the National Socialists’ “Jewish boycotts,” the flood of anti-Semitic hostility, and the politically induced department store crisis in the spring of 1933.[6][7]

In June 1933, the department store group received a bridging loan from the Akzeptbank in the millions, but its approval depended on the firm’s “Aryanization“ and Hitler’s approval. A consortium of banks led by the Dresdner Bank, which was nationalized in 1931, and the Hardy & Co. Bank, which was closely associated with it, took advantage of the company’s liquidity crisis in coordination with the Reich Ministry of Economics to gradually eliminate and replace the shareholders of Hermann Tietz General Partnership as part of the "Aryanization” process.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

After Reich Economics Minister Kurt Schmitt convinced Hitler to stop nationalizing or closing down department stores, the banks in the creditor consortium founded the Hertie Kaufhaus-Beteiligungs-Gesellschaft m.b.H. (Hertie GmbH for short) on July 24, 1933. At the same time, Georg Karg was appointed managing director of Hertie GmbH together with the banks’ confidant, Trabart von der Tann.[8][9][11]

On July 29, 1933, the bank consortium forced the immediate resignation of Hugo Zwillenberg as a personally liable partner by amending the articles of association of Hermann Tietz General Partnership, which the company owners had to sign. Zwillenberg was replaced by Hertie GmbH, and the company was now given the name Hermann Tietz & Co. After signing the amended partnership agreement, the company finally received a loan of 14.4 million Reichsmarks, of which the Akzeptbank contributed 5.7 million Reichsmarks and the consortium of creditor banks contributed 8.7 million Reichsmarks.[9] As part of the forced conformity law, half of all the Jewish employees were laid off in August 1933. Some Jewish workers are said to have continued employment until 1938, as Karg held on to them due to a lack of workforce replacements.[8]

By means of a settlement agreement dated August 13, 1934, Georg and Martin Tietz were also ousted as managing directors and owners of the company. The Jewish shareholders had to surrender their shares to Hertie GmbH. According to Bähr and Köhler, the company assets were valued to the detriment of the Tietz family in the course of the settlement agreement, and Hertie management reported a capital deficit of approximately 29 million Reichsmarks. Oscar Tietz’s widow and silent partner, Betty Tietz balanced this deficit with her entire private assets. “It is important to note that the surrender of the private assets now resulted in a surplus of 15.5 million Reichsmarks. Hertie should have compensated Mrs. Tietz with this amount, but took it without any value in return,”[16] Bähr and Köhler stated. The Tietz family’s lawyers were able to negotiate concessions worth around 2.5 million Reichsmarks and an exemption from the Reich Flight Tax in the settlement agreement.[9]

After the Tietz/Zwillenberg family was forced out of the group, Hermann Tietz & Co. was taken over by Hertie Kaufhaus-Beteiligungs GmbH. The firm was then renamed Hertie Waren- und Kaufhaus GmbH and operated under this name until it was sold in 1993.[16]

Karg later bought up the banking group's shares in Hertie GmbH in two installments. In May 1937, he took over 51 percent of the shares with the help of proceeds from the sale of the group’s real estate holdings and a loan from Dresdner Bank. From June 1940 on, he held 100 percent of the shares. At the same time, Karg took over the Tietz Group’s debts.[9]

According to Bähr and Köhler, Karg did not take over the department store group as an "Aryanizer", but profited from the "Aryanization" like no other party. He also acquired Jewish-owned department stores in Guben, East Prussia and Berlin which had been in private ownership.[9][17]

In 1942, Josef Neckermann founded the Zentrallagergemeinschaft für Bekleidung GmbH (ZLG) [central warehouse union for clothing] with Georg Karg, which initially produced and supplied textiles and clothing for German construction workers and forced laborers, and later also for the Wehrmacht.[18]

Reconstruction after 1945

At the end of the war, most of the Hertie Group's stores were in the Soviet occupation zone while many of those in the west had been destroyed. Karg nevertheless decided to continue running the stores.

In 1949, Karg reached a settlement concerning the Nazi-era expropriation of the Jewish Tietz family.[19]

In 1953, Karg established the Hertie Foundation with the entire department store assets of more than DM 1 billion as a contribution. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the foundation participated in the then current trend of founding private universities with the Hertie School of Governance.

At Karg's death in 1972, the department store group consisted of 72 Hertie department stores and 29 branches of the Bilka department stores, with sales of DM 5.1 billion and around 60,000 employees. His son Hans-Georg Karg took over the management of the company in 1972. Karg junior sold Hertie to Karstadt in 1994.[20]

Literature

  • Johannes Bähr, Ingo Köhler, Verfolgt, „arisiert“, wiedergutgemacht? Wie aus dem Warenhauskonzern Hermann Tietz Hertie wurde, München 2023, ISBN 978-3-8275-0180-6.
  • Hans Otto Eglau: Georg Karg. Der Herr von Hertie. In: Ders.: Die Kasse muß stimmen. So hatten sie Erfolg im Handel. Econ, Düsseldorf 1972, ISBN 3-430-12325-9, S. 33–49.
  • Friedrich W. Köhler: Zur Geschichte der Warenhäuser. Seenot und Untergang des Hertie-Konzerns. Haag + Herchen, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-86137-544-3.
  • Simone Ladwig-Winters: Wertheim – ein Warenhausunternehmen und seine Eigentümer. Ein Beispiel der Entwicklung der Berliner Warenhäuser bis zur „Arisierung“. Lit-Verlag, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3062-4, zu Tietz siehe S. 149–158 und 176–189, Inhaltsverzeichnis.

References

  1. ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Karg, Georg - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  2. ^ "History of the Hertie Foundation". www.ghst.de. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  3. ^ a b "Der Herr von Hertie". 2018-03-31. Archived from the original on 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  4. ^ "Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation Case No. CV96-4849" (PDF). The Claimant stated that after the Nazis came to power in early 1933, they sought to gain control of the Hermann Tietz company; the Nazi regime dictated that only two of the three main partners could remain in control of the company, and that a third partner appointed by the Nazis would be installed. The Claimant stated that the third partner who was ultimately installed in the company by the Nazis was Georg Karg.
  5. ^ "Es Geht Wohl Anders (Things Turn Out Differently): The Unexpected Life of Walter Arlen: Goebbels and the Nazi Attack on Jewish-owned Department Stores". Es Geht Wohl Anders (Things Turn Out Differently): The Unexpected Life of Walter Arlen. Retrieved 2024-11-29. In December 1927, Goebbels published his first of five special editions dedicated to opposing the Jewish-owned department stores. No other theme of Nazi propaganda was blazoned across the masthead of the newspaper so frequently.
  6. ^ Bähr, Johannes; Köhler, Ingo (2023). Verfolgt, "arisiert", wiedergutgemacht? Wie aus dem Warenhauskonzern Hermann Tietz Hertie wurde (1. Auflage ed.). München: Siedler. p. 337. ISBN 978-3-8275-0180-6.
  7. ^ "Es Geht Wohl Anders (Things Turn Out Differently): The Unexpected Life of Walter Arlen: SA Members in front of the Tietz Department Store in Berlin, 1933". Es Geht Wohl Anders (Things Turn Out Differently): The Unexpected Life of Walter Arlen. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  8. ^ a b c Bähr, Johannes; Köhler, Ingo (2023). Verfolgt, "arisiert", wiedergutgemacht? Wie aus dem Warenhauskonzern Hermann Tietz Hertie wurde (1. Auflage ed.). München: Siedler. ISBN 978-3-8275-0180-6.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Bähr, Johannes; Köhler, Ingo (2024). "How the Commodities Group Hermann Tietz became Hertie. Mainpoints of the historical study" (PDF). Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung (Hertie Foundation).
  10. ^ "Die Vorgängerin der "Bad Bank": Die "Akzept- und Garantiebank"" (PDF).
  11. ^ a b "Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation Case No. CV96-4849" (PDF). In July 1933, the creditor banks formed a second company, Hertie Waren und Kaufhaus GmbH, which would subsequently participate in the management of Hermann Tietz. The Nazi financial officials appointed Georg Karg, previously the director of textile purchasing for Hermann Tietz, and Helmut Friedel, as Hertie s representatives in the management of Hermann Tietz
  12. ^ "A Re-Assessment of Aryanization of Large Jewish Companies in Hitler's Reich, 1933 1935: The Role of Conservative, Non-Nazi Businessmen" (PDF). Chapter IV will expand upon the theme of the interdependency of banks and department stores by detailing how an individual such as Georg Karg was able to enlist the support of a banking consortium to recall a loan, enabling him to purchase the Hermann Tietz conglomerate for a pittance.
  13. ^ "Goebbels and the Nazi Attack on Jewish-owned Department Stores". Es Geht Wohl Anders (Things Turn Out Differently): The Unexpected Life of Walter Arlen. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  14. ^ Katin, William Maurice. "A Re-Assessment of Aryanization of Large Jewish Companies in Hitler's Reich, 1933 1935: The Role of Conservative, Non-Nazi Businessmen" (PDF). Bank commissions and higher interest rates provided much of the motivation for Germany's largest financial institutions to participate in the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses. A prominent example was the inexpensive acquisition of the Hermann Tietz department store chain by means of Georg Karg's 14 million RM Akzeptbank-guaranteed loan through the Dresdner Bank consortium. This crucial illustration of how banks made Aryanizations possible will be discussed in Chapter IV.
  15. ^ Katin, William M. Hostile takeovers of large Jewish companies, 1933-1935 reassessing aryanization of Jewish-owned firms. ISBN 978-1-7936-0682-2. OCLC 1244475405.
  16. ^ a b Bähr, Johannes; Köhler, Ingo (2023). "Verfolgt, „arisiert", wiedergutgemacht? Wie aus dem Warenhauskonzern Hermann Tietz Hertie wurde. Summary of the study by the Gesellschaft für Unternehmensgeschichte" (PDF). Hertie Foundation. p. 9.
  17. ^ Bähr, Johannes; Köhler, Ingo. "Verfolgt, „arisiert", wiedergutgemacht? Wie aus dem Warenhauskonzern Hermann Tietz Hertie wurde. Summary of the study by the Gesellschaft für Unternehmensgeschichte" (PDF). Hertie Foundation. p. 11.
  18. ^ Bähr, Johannes; Köhler, Ingo (2023). Verfolgt, "arisiert", wiedergutgemacht? Wie aus dem Warenhauskonzern Hermann Tietz Hertie wurde (1. Auflage ed.). München: Siedler. pp. 159–163. ISBN 978-3-8275-0180-6.
  19. ^ "The Hertie Foundation". Hertie School. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  20. ^ "Die Stifter | Karg-Stiftung". www.karg-stiftung.de. Retrieved 2022-02-23.