Generalized context-free grammar

Generalized context-free grammar (GCFG) is a grammar formalism that expands on context-free grammars by adding potentially non-context-free composition functions to rewrite rules.[1] Head grammar (and its weak equivalents) is an instance of such a GCFG which is known to be especially adept at handling a wide variety of non-CF properties of natural language.

Description

A GCFG consists of two components: a set of composition functions that combine string tuples, and a set of rewrite rules. The composition functions all have the form ${\displaystyle f(\langle x_{1},...,x_{m}\rangle ,\langle y_{1},...,y_{n}\rangle ,...)=\gamma }$, where ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ is either a single string tuple, or some use of a (potentially different) composition function which reduces to a string tuple. Rewrite rules look like ${\displaystyle X\to f(Y,Z,...)}$, where ${\displaystyle Y}$, ${\displaystyle Z}$, ... are string tuples or non-terminal symbols.

The rewrite semantics of GCFGs is fairly straightforward. An occurrence of a non-terminal symbol is rewritten using rewrite rules as in a context-free grammar, eventually yielding just compositions (composition functions applied to string tuples or other compositions). The composition functions are then applied, successively reducing the tuples to a single tuple.

Example

A simple translation of a context-free grammar into a GCFG can be performed in the following fashion. Given the grammar in (1), which generates the palindrome language ${\displaystyle \{ww^{R}:w\in \{a,b\}^{*}\}}$, where ${\displaystyle w^{R}}$ is the string reverse of ${\displaystyle w}$, we can define the composition function conc as in (2a) and the rewrite rules as in (2b).

${\displaystyle S\to \epsilon ~|~aSa~|~bSb}$

1

${\displaystyle conc(\langle x\rangle ,\langle y\rangle ,\langle z\rangle )=\langle xyz\rangle }$

2a

${\displaystyle S\to conc(\langle \epsilon \rangle ,\langle \epsilon \rangle ,\langle \epsilon \rangle )~|~conc(\langle a\rangle ,S,\langle a\rangle )~|~conc(\langle b\rangle ,S,\langle b\rangle )}$

2b

The CF production of abbbba is

S

aSa

abSba

abbSbba

abbbba

and the corresponding GCFG production is

${\displaystyle S\to conc(\langle a\rangle ,S,\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle conc(\langle a\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,S,\langle b\rangle ),\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle conc(\langle a\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,S,\langle b\rangle ),\langle b\rangle ),\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle conc(\langle a\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,conc(\langle \epsilon \rangle ,\langle \epsilon \rangle ,\langle \epsilon \rangle ),\langle b\rangle ),\langle b\rangle ),\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle conc(\langle a\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,\langle \epsilon \rangle ,\langle b\rangle ),\langle b\rangle ),\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle conc(\langle a\rangle ,conc(\langle b\rangle ,\langle bb\rangle ,\langle b\rangle ),\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle conc(\langle a\rangle ,\langle bbbb\rangle ,\langle a\rangle )}$

${\displaystyle \langle abbbba\rangle }$

Linear Context-free Rewriting Systems (LCFRSs)

Weir (1988)[1] describes two properties of composition functions, linearity and regularity. A function defined as ${\displaystyle f(x_{1},...,x_{n})=...}$ is linear if and only if each variable appears at most once on either side of the =, making ${\displaystyle f(x)=g(x,y)}$ linear but not ${\displaystyle f(x)=g(x,x)}$. A function defined as ${\displaystyle f(x_{1},...,x_{n})=...}$ is regular if the left hand side and right hand side have exactly the same variables, making ${\displaystyle f(x,y)=g(y,x)}$ regular but not ${\displaystyle f(x)=g(x,y)}$ or ${\displaystyle f(x,y)=g(x)}$.

A grammar in which all composition functions are both linear and regular is called a Linear Context-free Rewriting System (LCFRS). LCFRS is a proper subclass of the GCFGs, i.e. it has strictly less computational power than the GCFGs as a whole.

On the other hand, LCFRSs are strictly more expressive than linear-indexed grammars and their weakly equivalent variant tree adjoining grammars (TAGs).[2] Head grammar is another example of an LCFRS that is strictly less powerful than the class of LCFRSs as a whole.

LCFRS are weakly equivalent to (set-local) multicomponent TAGs (MCTAGs) and also with multiple context-free grammar (MCFGs [1]).[3] and minimalist grammars (MGs). The languages generated by LCFRS (and their weakly equivalents) can be parsed in polynomial time.[4]

See also

• Range concatenation grammar

References

1. Weir, David Jeremy (Sep 1988). Characterizing mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms (PDF) (Ph.D.). Paper. Vol. AAI8908403. University of Pennsylvania Ann Arbor.
2. Laura Kallmeyer (2010). Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-642-14846-0.
3. Laura Kallmeyer (2010). Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 35-36. ISBN 978-3-642-14846-0.
4. Johan F.A.K. van Benthem; Alice ter Meulen (2010). Handbook of Logic and Language (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-444-53727-0.