General Secretary of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo

General Secretary of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
CNT emblem
CNT flag
Incumbent Erika Conrado since 27 January 2024
Type	General secretary
Member of	Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
Seat	Granollers
Precursor	General Secretary of Solidaridad Obrera
Formation	1 November 1910
First holder	Josep Negre

The General Secretary or Secretary General of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo is the head of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour; CNT), a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions. The position is elected by a congress or plenary session of the confederation. The position's powers are limited to technical and administrative affairs.

Since the confederation does not have fixed headquarters, the elected General Secretary's local federation becomes the confederation's central operations and a local plenary session of the local federation chooses the secretariats for other leadership positions. Together they are known as the Secretariado Permanente del Comité Confederal (Permanent Secretariat of the Confederal Committee, or SPCC). They, together with other regional federation's secretaries general, form the full Confederal Committee. The first general secretary of the CNT, chosen at its 1910 constitutional congress, was José Negre. He had been general secretary of Solidaridad Obrera, a Catalan union and precursor to the CNT. Thus Barcelona was the first headquarters.

The CNT operated clandestinely during years of repression and splintered. Sources support several timelines of CNT Secretaries General during this time.

Through the Civil War (1910–1939)

Unless specified otherwise, the Headquarters of the CNT's General General and National Committee during this period were based in Barcelona.[1]

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Notes
1		Josep Negre[2] (1875–1939)	November 1910[1]	September 1911
			September 1911	1914[1]	During this period, the CNT was banned by the government and organised clandestinely.[1]
2		Manuel Andreu[3] (1889–1968)	November 1915[3]	August 1916[3]	Legal restrictions against the CNT were lifted and it resumed public activity in 1915.[4]
3		Francisco Jordán[1] (1886–1921)	August 1916[1]	February 1917 ‡[1]
4		Francisco Miranda[1] (1869–1950)	March 1917	August 1917 ‡[1]
–		Manuel Buenacasa[1] (1886–1964)	August 1917[1]	November 1917[1]	Interim General Secretary, while Francisco Miranda was imprisoned.[1]
(4)		Francisco Miranda (1869–1950)	December 1917	July 1918
5		Manuel Buenacasa[5] (1886–1964)	August 1918	December 1918[1]
6		Evelio Boal[6] (1884–1921)	January 1919	December 1919	As Provisional General Secretary.
			December 1919	March 1921 ‡[7]	Murdered on 12 June 1921.[8]
7		Andreu Nin[7] (1892–1937)	March 1921[9]	May 1921[1]
8		Joaquim Maurín[1] (1896–1950)	August 1921	February 1922 ‡[1]
9		Joan Peiró[10] (1887–1942)	May 1922	June 1922
10		Salvador Seguí[11] (1887–1923)	11 June 1922[11]	10 March 1923 †[12]	Assassinated by pistoleros.[12]
11		Manuel Adame[13] (1901–1945)	July 1923[13]	16 August 1923 ‡[13]
12		Paulino Díez[1] (1892–1980)	August 1923	25 December 1923 ‡	Headquartered in Seville.[1]
13		José Gracia Galán[14]	April 1924	2 June 1924 ‡[14]	Headquartered in Zaragoza.[14]
–		Unknown[1]	June 1924[1]	September 1925[1]	During this period, the CNT was outlawed by the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and carried out its activities clandestinely.[15] The identity of the general secretary at this time is unknown.[1]
14		Avelino González[1] (1894–1938)	September 1925[1]	June 1926[1]	Headquartered in Gijón.[1]
15		Segundo Blanco[1] (1899–1957)	July 1926	November 1926[1]	Headquartered in Gijón.[1]
16 (9)		Joan Peiró[10] (1887–1942)	January 1927	May 1929[1]
17		Ángel Pestaña[1] (1886–1937)	June 1929[1]	June 1930
18		Progreso Alfarache[1] (1888–1964)	27 June 1930	27 September 1930 ‡
19		Francesc Arín[1]	October 1930	December 1930	Serving as Interim General Secretary.[1]
			December 1930	December 1931	The Second Spanish Republic was established during this period.
20 (17)		Ángel Pestaña[16] (1886–1937)	December 1931	March 1932[17]
21		Manuel Rivas[18]	March 1932[19]	January 1933 ‡[20]	Imprisoned following the anarchist insurrection of January 1933.[20]
22		Miguel Yoldi[21] (1903–1961)	December 1933	February 1935	Headquartered in Zaragoza.[21]
23		Horacio Prieto[22] (1902–1985)	March 1935[23]	May 1936[23]	Headquartered in Zaragoza.[21] Provisionally replaced at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.[24]
–		David Antona [es][25] (1904–1945)	18 July 1936[26]	September 1936[24]	Provisional General Secretary during the early months of the Spanish Civil War.[27]
(23)		Horacio Prieto[28] (1902–1985)	September 1936[29]	18 November 1936[30]	Re-election confirmed by national plenum on 4 August 1936.[26]
24		Mariano Vázquez[31] (1909–1939)	18 November 1936[32]	February 1939[33]	Headquarters transferred from Barcelona, to Madrid and then Valencia.[34] Term ended by the conclusion of the Catalonia Offensive.[1] Died in Paris in June 1939.[35]

During Franco (1939–1976)

During this period, the CNT worked clandestinely both inside Spain and in French exile. A schism among the exiles created two confederal committees with their own corresponding secretaries general.

In Spain

Name	Took office	Left office
Esteve Pallarols	April 1939	November 1939
Manuel López López [ca]	January 1940	July 1940
Celedonio Pérez Bernardo [ca]	July 1940	February 1941
Eusebio Azañedo Grande [ca]	December 1942	August 1943
Manuel Amil Barciá [ca]	September 1943	September 1944
Siegfried Catalá Tineo [ca]	September 1944	March 1945
Ramón Rufat Llop	April 1945	July 1945
José Expósito Leiva [es]	July 1945	October 1945
Ángel Morales Vázquez [ca]	November 1945	March 1946
Lorenzo Íñigo Granizo	March 1946	April 1946
Enrique Marco Nadal [es][36]	May 1946	April 1947
Antonio Ejarque Pina	May 1947	August 1947
Manuel Villar Mingo [es]	August 1947	November 1947
Antonio Castaño Benavent [ca]	April 1948	July 1949
Miguel Vallejo Sebastián [ca]	July 1949	June 1951
Cipriano Damiano	June 1951	June 1953
Ismael Rodríguez Ajax	October 1960	October 1961
Francisco Calle Mancilla [ca]	April 1962	February 1964
Cipriano Damiano	April 1964	April 1965
Francisco Royano Fernández [ca]	May 1965	September 1968

In exile

Name	Election date	Agency	Town
Mariano Rodríguez Vázquez ^1	25 February 1939	General Council of the MLE	Paris
José Germán González [ca]	June 1943	National Plenary (confederal)	Mauriac
Juan Manuel Molina Mateo	September 1943	National Plenary (confederal)	Tourniac
Francisco Careño	March 1944	National Plenary (confederal)	Muret
Juan Manuel Molina Mateo	October 1944	National Plenary (confederal)	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	May 1945	Paris Congress	Paris

1. After his death, Germinal Esgleas Jaume took over.

Orthodox faction

Name	Election date	Agency	Town
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	-	-	-
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1946	Toulouse
Josep Peirats[37]	October 1947	Congress of Local Federations	Toulouse
Pedro Herrera Camarero	April 1947	I Intercontinental Conference	-
Emilio Julio González	October 1948 ^1	Congress of Local Federations	-
Luis Blanco	February 1949	II Intercontinental Conference	Toulouse
Josep Peirats[37]	May 1950	I National Plenary (confederal)	Toulouse
Martín Villarupia	April 1951	II Intercontinental Plenary	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	July 1952	III Intercontinental Plenary	Aymare
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	July 1953	IV Intercontinental Plenary Session	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1954	5th Intercontinental Plenary	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1955	VI Intercontinental Plenary Session	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	July 1956	VII Intercontinental Plenary Session	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1957	VIII Intercontinental Plenary Session	Toulouse
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca]	August 1958	IX Intercontinental Plenary	Toulouse
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca]	September 1959	X Intercontinental Plenary	Vierzon
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca]	August 1960	Congress of Local Federations	Limoges

1.He resigned in December 1948.

Possibilist faction

Name	Election date	Agency	Town
Ramón Álvarez Palomo	November 1945	Plenary of Regionals of Origin	Toulouse
Ramón Álvarez Palomo	August 1946	Plenary	Toulouse
José Juan Domenech	December 1947	I National Plenary (confederal) of Regionals	Toulouse
José Juan Domenech	May 1948	Plenary	-
José Juan Domenech	February 1949	II National Plenary (confederal)	-
Helios Sánchez [ca]	June 1950	III National Plenary (confederal)	-
Miguel Vallejo Sebastián [ca]	June 1952	IV National Plenary (confederal)	-
Miguel Vallejo Sebastián [ca]	March 1954	V National Plenary (confederal)	-
Ramón Liarte [es]	November 1955	VI National Plenary (confederal)	-
Ginés Alonso [ca]	August 1957	VII National Plenary (confederal)	-
Ginés Alonso [ca]	October 1958	VIII National Plenary (confederal)	-
Ginés Alonso [ca]	March 1960	IX National Plenary (confederal)	Clermont Ferrand

Reunification of exiled factions

The reunification of the CNT was ratified by a congress in Caracas, Venezuela, on 18 December 1960.[38]

Name	Election date	Agency	Town
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca]	August 1961	Congress of Local Federations	Limoges
Roque Santamaría Cortiguera [ca]	August 1962	Intercontinental Plenary	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	October 1963	Congress of Local Federations	Toulouse
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1965	Congress of Local Federations	Montpellier
Ferran Alemany [ca]	August 1967	Intercontinental Plenary	Marseille
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1969	Intercontinental Plenary	Bordeaux
Germinal Esgleas Jaume	August 1971	Intercontinental Plenary Session	Marseille
Marciano Sigüenza [ca] ^1	August 1973	Intercontinental Plenary Session	Marseille
Alejandro Lamela [ca]	August 1975	Congress of Local Federations	Marseille

1. He resigned in January 1975.

Since the transition to democracy (1976–present)

Name	Took office	Left office	Headquarters
Juan Gómez Casas [es]	August 1976	April 1978	Madrid
Enric Marco	April 1978	December 1979	Barcelona
José Bondía	December 1979	January 1983	Madrid
Antonio Pérez Canales	January 1983	-	-
Fernando Montero	July 1983	-	-
Juan Gómez Casas [es]	1985	-	-
José Luis García Rúa [es]	March of 1986	1990	Granada
Vicente Vilanova	1990	-	Valencia
José Ros	November 1992	-	Barcelona
Luis Fernando Barba [es]	May 1995	December 1995	Granada
José Luis Velasco Sanz [es]	December 1995	February 1998	Madrid
Luis Fuentes	December 1998	October 2000	Bilbao
Ana Sigüenza[39]	October 2000[39]	March 2003[39]	Madrid
Iñaki Gil [es]	April 2003	July 2005	Vitoria-Gasteiz
Rafael Corrales Valverde	July 2005	August 2007	Seville
Fidel Manrique	August 2007	December 2010	Torrelavega
Alfonso Álvarez	December 2010	April 2013	Córdoba
Pedro Serna	April 2013	April 2015	Valladolid
Martín Paradelo [gl]	April 2015	July 2017	Santiago de Compostela
Enrique Hoz	July 2017	2019	Bilbao
Miguel García Romero	2019	November 2021	Lebrija
Isabel Arenales	November 2021	December 2021	Valladolid
Antonio Díaz García [es]	December 2021	January 2024	Madrid
Erika Conrado	January 2024	present	Granollers

References

1. Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
2. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Ealham 2014, p. 100.
3. Casado Gil 2016, p. 67n120; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 43.
4. Casado Gil 2016, p. 66.
5. Andrews 2021, p. 16; Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
6. Casanova 2005a, pp. 89–90; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Esenwein 2023, p. 384; Paz 2006, pp. 24–25.
7. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Paz 2006, pp. 24–25.
8. Casanova 2005a, pp. 89–90.
9. Paz 2006, pp. 24–25.
10. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Esenwein 2023, pp. 405–406.
11. Paz 2006, pp. 31–32.
12. Paz 2006, p. 36.
13. Íñiguez 2001, p. 16.
14. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 283.
15. Christie 2000, p. 13.
16. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Paz 2006, pp. 281–282.
17. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 479.
18. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 516; Paz 2006, pp. 281–282.
19. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 516.
20. Íñiguez 2001, p. 516.
21. Casanova 2005b, p. 74; Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
22. Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxi, 207; Casanova 2005b, p. 74; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 46.
23. Evans 2016, p. 46.
24. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, pp. 46-47n111.
25. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 47n111; Paz 2006, p. 520.
26. Evans 2016, p. 47n111.
27. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 47n111.
28. Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxi, 207; Brodie 2020a, pp. 54–55, 59; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, pp. 46, 53–54, 61–62, 264; Paz 2006, pp. 558–560, 568.
29. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, p. 46.
30. Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxi, 207, 241; Brodie 2020a, pp. 54–55; Evans 2016, p. 46.
31. Ackelsberg 1985, p. 78; Balcells 2017, p. 90; Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxii, 207, 484, 499; Brodie 2020a, pp. xiv, 55, 60, 108, 141, 167, 171, 241; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Evans 2016, pp. 54, 142, 165–166, 182–183, 186n80, 204, 237–238, 267; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524; Paz 2006, pp. 600, 603, 643, 748n82.
32. Bolloten 1991, pp. xxxii, 207; Brodie 2020a, pp. xiv, 54–55, 241; Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
33. Bolloten 1991, p. xxxii; Christie 2000, p. 7n7.
34. Christie 2000, p. 7n7; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
35. Evans 2016, p. 267; Íñiguez 2001, p. 524.
36. Dunwoodie 1993, p. 98.
37. Ealham 2014, pp. 96–97.
38. Evans 2019, p. 333.
39. Muñoz Encinar, Palomo Guijarro & Recio Cuesta 2010, p. 119.

Bibliography

• Ackelsberg, Martha A. (1985). ""Separate and Equal"? Mujeres Libres and Anarchist Strategy for Women's Emancipation". Feminist Studies. 11 (1): 63–83. doi:10.2307/3180133. hdl:2027/spo.0499697.0011.106. JSTOR 3180133.
• Andrews, Nathaniel (2021). Anarchism in Everyday Life (PDF) (PhD). University of Leeds.
• Balcells, Albert (2017). "Collectivisations in Catalonia and the Region of Valencia during the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939" (PDF). Catalan Historical Review (10): 77–92. doi:10.2436/20.1000.01.133. ISSN 2013-407X.
• Bolloten, Burnet (1991). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1906-9. LCCN 89-77911.
• Brodie, Morris (2020a). Transatlantic Anarchism during the Spanish Civil War and Revolution, 1936-1939: Fury Over Spain. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429328763. ISBN 9780429328763.
• Casado Gil, María Reyes (2016). La Confederación Nacional del Trabajo en el Estado español: reorganización y crisis (1973-1980) (PhD) (in Spanish). National University of Distance Education.
• Casanova, Julián (2005a). "Terror and violence: The dark face of Spanish anarchism". International Labor and Working-Class History. 67: 79–99. doi:10.1017/S0147547905000098.
• Casanova, Julián (2005b). "On the road to insurrection". In Preston, Paul (ed.). Anarchism, the Republic and Civil War in Spain: 1931–1939. Translated by Dowling, Andrew; Pollok, Graham. Routledge. pp. 64–83. ISBN 0-415-32095-X.
• Christie, Stuart (2000). We, the Anarchists! A Study of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) 1927-1937. Hastings: Meltzer Press. ISBN 1901172066. OCLC 803517498.
• Dunwoodie, Peter (1993). "Albert Camus and the Anarchist Alternative". Australian Journal of French Studies. 30 (1): 84–104. doi:10.3828/ajfs.30.1.84.
• Ealham, Chris (2014). "Spanish Anarcho-Syndicalists in Toulouse: The Red-and-Black Counter-City in Exile". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 91 (1–2): 95–114. doi:10.1080/14753820.2013.868652.
• Esenwein, George (2023). "Spain in Revolt: The Revolutionary Legacy of Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalism". In van der Linden, Marcel (ed.). The Cambridge History of Socialism. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 380–410. doi:10.1017/9781108611022.017. ISBN 978-1-108-48134-2.
• Evans, Daniel (2016). The Conscience of the Spanish Revolution: Anarchist Opposition to State Collaboration in 1937 (PhD). University of Leeds.
• Evans, Danny (2019). "Uprooted cosmopolitans? The post-war exile of Spanish anarchists in Venezuela, 1945-1965". Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies. 25 (2): 321–342. doi:10.1080/14701847.2019.1632037.
• Íñiguez, Miguel (2001). Esbozo de una enciclopedia histórica del anarquismo español (in Spanish). Madrid: Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo. ISBN 9788486864453. OCLC 807322760.
• Muñoz Encinar, Laura; Palomo Guijarro, Gonzalo; Recio Cuesta, José Antonio (2010). "Comunismo libertario y autonomía indígena" [Libertarian communism and indigenous autonomy]. Historia Actual Online (in Spanish) (21): 111–121. ISSN 1696-2060. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
• Paz, Abel (2006) [1996]. Durruti in the Spanish Revolution. Translated by Morse, Chuck. Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 1-904859-50-X. LCCN 2006920974. OCLC 482919277.

Further reading

• Andrews, Nathaniel (2019). "Repression, solidarity, and a legacy of violence: Spanish anarcho-syndicalism and the years of 'pistolerismo', 1919–23". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 32 (3): 173–193. doi:10.1386/ijis_00004_1. ISSN 1364-971X.
• Bolloten, Burnett (1961). The Grand Camouflage: The Communist Conspiracy in the Spanish Civil War. Hollis & Carter. OCLC 2476432.
• Brodie, Morris (2020b). "An Infantile Disorder? Youth, Childhood, and the British Anarchist Movement During the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939". The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 13 (1): 80–102. doi:10.1353/hcy.2020.0002.
• Ealham, Chris (2015). Living Anarchism: José Peirats and the Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist Movement. AK Press. ISBN 9781849352390.
• Evans, Danny (2022). "In and Against the State: The Making and Unmaking of the Barcelona May Days (1937)". European History Quarterly. 52 (3): 485–505. doi:10.1177/02656914221103464.
• Evans, Danny; Stainforth, Elizabeth (2023). "Learning to live: Anarcho-syndicalism and utopia in Spain, 1931–37" (PDF). International Journal of Iberian Studies. 36 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1386/ijis_00078_1. ISSN 1364-971X.
• Gabriel, Pere (2002). "Red Barcelona in the Europe of war and revolution, 1914–30". In Smith, Angel (ed.). Red Barcelona. Routledge. pp. 44–65. doi:10.4324/9780203219379-3 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 0-203-21937-6.
• Garner, Jason (2006). "Separated by an 'Ideological Chasm': The Spanish National Labour Confederation and Bolshevik Internationalism, 1917–1922". Contemporary European History. 15 (3): 293–326. doi:10.1017/S0960777306003341.
• Garner, Jason (2016). Goals and Means: Anarchism, Syndicalism, and Internationalism in the Origins of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica. AK Press. ISBN 9781849352260.
• Garner, Jason; Benclowicz, José Daniel (2021). "Failure of Praxis? European Revolutionary Anarchism in Revolutionary Situations 1917-1923". Left History. 24 (1): 10–44. doi:10.25071/1913-9632.39573. hdl:11336/184083. ISSN 1192-1927.
• Garner, Jason (2023). "The Revue International Anarchiste's World Survey (1924–1925): A Transnational Attempt at Reappraising, Revising, and Reinvigorating the Anarchist Movement". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 17 (1): 1–26. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.17.1.0001.
• Getman-Eraso, Jordi Wolcott (2001). Rethinking the revolution: Utopia and pragmatism in Catalan anarchosyndicalism, 1930–1936 (PhD). University of Wisconsin. ProQuest 3033318.
• Gutiérrez, José Antonio; Martí Font, Jordi (2023). "October 2017 in Catalonia: The anarchists and the procés". Nations and Nationalism. 29 (1): 209–228. doi:10.1111/nana.12896. ISSN 1354-5078.
• Herrerín, Ángel (2020). The Road to Anarchy: The CNT under the Spanish Second Republic (1931-1936). Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9781782846833.
• Hijma, Bouwe (2005). "Guide to the International Archives and Collections at the IISH: Supplement over 2004". International Review of Social History. 50 (2): 345–361. doi:10.1017/S0020859005001999 (inactive 2 November 2024). JSTOR 44583514.
• Kelsey, Graham (1991). Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism and the State: The CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon, 1930-1937. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0792302753.
• Lines, Lisa (2011). Milicianas: women in combat in the Spanish Civil War. Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739164945.
• Messenger, David A. (2006). "'Our Spanish Brothers' or 'As at Plombieres'? France, The Legacy of Resistance and the Spanish Opposition to Franco, 1945-1948". French History. 20 (1): 52–74. doi:10.1093/fh/cri053.
• Molero-Mesa, Jorge; Jiménez-Lucena, Isabel (2013). "«Arm and brain»: Inclusion-exclusion dynamics related to medical professional within Spanish anarcho-syndicalism in the first third of the 20th century". Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam. 33 (1): 19–41. doi:10.4321/S0211-95362013000100002. hdl:10481/75866. ISSN 0211-9536.
• Payne, Stanley G. (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X.
• Peirats, José (2011). Ealham, Chris (ed.). The CNT in the Spanish Revolution. Translated by Sharkey, Paul; Ealham, Chris. PM Press. ISBN 978-1-60486-207-2.
• Romanos, Eduardo (2011a). "Anarchism, Franco's Dictatorship, and Postwar Europe". In Kouki, Hara; Romanos, Eduardo (eds.). Protest Beyond Borders: Contentious Politics in Europe since 1945. Berghahn Books. pp. 140–157. ISBN 978-1-84545-747-1.
• Romanos, Eduardo (2011b). "Factionalism in Transition: A Comparison of Ruptures in the Spanish Anarchist Movement". Journal of Historical Sociology. 24 (3): 355–380. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2011.01401.x.
• Romanos, Eduardo (2014). "Emotions, Moral Batteries and High-Risk Activism: Understanding the Emotional Practices of the Spanish Anarchists under Franco's Dictatorship". Contemporary European History. 23 (4): 545–564. doi:10.1017/S0960777314000319.
• Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (1996). "The organized labour movement in Spain: The long road to its baptism of fire, 1868–1917". Tesserae. 2 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1080/13507499608569430.
• Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (1994). Spain and the First World War: Neutrality and Crisis (PhD). Queen Mary University of London.
• Russell, Matthew B. (2013). Postmemory, the Holocaust, and the re-moralization of the Spanish Civil War in contemporary Spanish cultural production (PhD). University of California, Davis. ProQuest 3602205.
• Sennett, Alan (2014). "Revolutionary Marxists in Spain, 1930–1934". Revolutionary Marxism in Spain, 1930-1937. Brill Publishers. pp. 121–152. doi:10.1163/9789004270565_005. ISBN 9789004270565.
• Sierra, María; Pro, Juan (October 2022). "Gypsy Anarchism: Navigating Ethnic and Political Identities". European History Quarterly. 52 (4): 593–612. doi:10.1177/02656914221097011. hdl:10261/280207. ISSN 0265-6914.
• Téllez Solà, Antonio (2015). "Marcelino de la Parra, Anarcho-syndicalist Guerrilla from León". KSL: Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library (82–83). Translated by Sharkey, Paul: 7–9. ISSN 1475-0309.
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