Gaya (IAST: Gayā) is a city, municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of Gaya district and Magadh division of the Indian state of Bihar. Gaya is 116 kilometres (72 mi) south of Patna and is the state's second-largest city, with a population of 470,839. The city is surrounded on three sides by small, rocky hills (Mangla-Gauri, Shringa-Sthan, Ram-Shila, and Brahmayoni), with the Phalgu River on its eastern side.
It is a city of historical significance and is one of the major tourist attractions in India. Gaya is sanctified in the Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist religions. Gaya district is mentioned in the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. It is the place where Rama, with Sita and Lakshmana, came to offer piṇḍadāna for their father, Dasharatha, and continues to be a major Hindu pilgrimage site for the piṇḍadāna ritual. Bodh Gaya, where Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment, is one of the four holy sites of Buddhism.
Gaya was chosen as one of twelve heritage cities to benefit from the Government of India's four-year Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme for urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation projects.[5]
Etymology
Gaya is named after the demon Gayasura (meaning "the demon Gaya") who dwelt the area during the Treta Yuga.[6][7] According to Vayu Purana, Gaya was the name of a demon (Asura) whose body became pious after he performed strict penance and secured blessings from Lord Vishnu.[8] It was said that the body of Gayasura was transformed into the series of rocky hills that make up the landscape of Gaya.[9]
History
Ancient history
According to modern scholars, the Kikata kingdom from Rigvedic period was located at Gaya, Bihar.
Gaya is an ancient city, with a Buddhist documented history dating back to the 6th century BCE when the sage Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, 16 km (9.9 mi) from the modern city.[10]
Even before this time, Gaya was a place of pilgrimage for people from around the world. The fame of ancient Gaya derived from the account in the Ramayana of the god Rama coming here to the banks of Phalgu River (called the Niranjana), accompanied by his wife and younger brother, to offer pind-daan for their father Dasharatha, for the moksha of his soul.[11][12] In the Mahabharata, Gaya is referred to as Gayapuri.
Gaya flourished during the Maurya Empire (321–187 BCE), which ruled from the city of Pataliputra (adjacent to modern Patna) over an area that extended beyond the Indian subcontinent. During this period, Gaya witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties in the Magadha region, where it occupied an important place in cultural history over some 2,400 years between the 6th century BCE and the 18th century CE.
The city's cultural significance began with the dynasty founded by Sisunaga, who exercised power over Patna and Gaya around 600 BCE. Bimbisara, fifth king of the dynasty, who lived and ruled around 519 BCE, had projected Gaya to the outer world. Having attained an important place in the history of civilization, the area experienced the influence of Gautama Buddha and Bhagwan Mahavir during the reign of Bimbisara. After a brief period under the Nanda dynasty (345–321 BCE), Gaya and the entire Magadha region came under Mauryan rule. Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (272–232 BCE) embraced and promoted Buddhism. He visited Gaya, and built the first temple at Bodh Gaya to commemorate the Buddha's attainment of supreme enlightenment.[13]
The period of Hindu revivalism began with the Gupta Empire during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. Samudragupta of Magadha brought Gaya into the limelight, making it the capital of Bihar district during the Gupta empire.
In 750 CE, Gaya became a part of the Pala Empire, under the rule of its founder, Gopala. It is believed that the present temple of Bodh Gaya was built during the reign of Gopala's son, Dharmapala.
As attested by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in the early nineteenth century, the city was divided into two areas: a sacred area in the southern part of the city, called Gaya; and the larger secular area, which may have been known by the Muslim community as Allahabad. During the British rule, the commercial and administrative area of the secular zone was formally named Saheb Ganj by British policy reformer Thomas Law, who was a district officer in Gaya in the late nineteenth century. Now 2023 Upgrade Gaya Junction to International Junction official news launched By @PIB_Patna on Twitter [14]
Until 1864, Gaya was a part of the district of Behar and Ramgarh (now in the state of Jharkhand). It became a district of Bihar in its own right on 3 October 1865.[17] In May 1981, the Bihar state government created the Magadh division, comprising the district of Gaya, along with Nawada, Aurangabad and Jehanabad, all of which had originally been sub-divisions when Gaya district was created.[8] Aurangabad and Nawada were partitioned from the territory of Gaya in 1973; and Jehanabad in 1988.[18] Gaya district occupies an area of 4,976 km2 (1,921-mile2).[8]
Gaya Municipal Corporation (GMC) is the civic body that governs Gaya.[19] GMC consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor, who administer the city's infrastructure, public services, and supplies. As of 2022, the corporation is headed by Birendra Kumar and Deputy mayor Chinta Devi.[20]
Culture
Pilgrimage
The city of Gaya is a holy place of Hinduism, with a great number of Hindu deities represented in the engravings, paintings and carvings of its shrines. Of particular importance are the sites in the city associated with Vishnu, in particular the Phalgu River and the shrine Vishnupad Mandir, or Vishnupada, which is marked by a large footprint of Lord Vishnu engraved in a basalt block.[14] Gaya is the location at which Rama, with Sita and Lakshmana, offered pind-daan for his father, Dasharatha. Gaya has since remained a site of key importance for the performance of the pind-daan ritual.[11][12]
Gaya is considered to be one of the most ideal places to perform the Śrāddha. (A Śrāddha is the Hindu ritual that one performs to pay homage to one's ancestors, especially to one's dead parents). As per Hindu belief system, it is believed that a person goes to hell if he dies in the following circumstances - if he meets an accidental death, if he dies without his consecrations being performed, or if he is killed by a wild animal. But, if Śrāddha of that person are performed at Gaya then the soul of such a man will get rid of the tortures of the hell and will go to heaven. Performing Śrāddha here is of great importance as it helps one to get rid of pitra rinna i.e. debts towards one's ancestors (male forefathers).
Nearby Bodh Gaya ("Buddha Gaya"), so named to distinguish it from the Hindu town centre of Gaya, is one of the four holiest sites of Buddhism and the site where the Buddha attained enlightenment.[13][14]
The 50-metre-high (160 ft) Mahabodhi Temple central to the complex was first built by the emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The main part of the present structure dates from the 5th–6th centuries CE. It is one of the earliest and best-preserved Buddhist temples built entirely of brick dating from the later Gupta period. The Bodhi Tree (Ficus religiosa), the most important of the sacred places within the complex, is reputedly a descendant of the original tree under which Siddhārtha Gautama attained enlightenment and became the Buddha.[13] Marking this seminal moment, Bodh Gaya is one of the four holiest pilgrimage sites of Buddhism, with Lumbini, Sarnath and Kushinagar.[21]
The various structures on the site have undergone a number of restorations over the centuries. Ongoing maintenance and management is required to protect the complex which, as a major pilgrimage site, is under pressure due to large numbers of visitors.[21] The site is under the responsibility of the state government of Bihar, and is managed by the Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) and advisory board under the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949.[22]
Climate
As Gaya is surrounded by hills on three sides and river on the fourth side, the climate of Gaya is seasonable. Climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is "Cwa" (humid subtropical).[23]
Climate data for Gaya, India (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2009)
Gaya has been ranked 8th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.[26]
Economy
Gaya is the second-largest contributor to the economy of Bihar, after Patna. Agriculture is the leading economic activity of the district. The main crops grown are rice, wheat, potatoes, and lentils. Livestock raised include cattle, buffaloes, goats and pigs. Gaya has a large number of household industries, producing incense sticks (atagarbatti), local sweets tilkut (made with sesame seed) and lai (made with poppy seed), stone-work, hand weaving, power-loom weaving, textiles and garments, small-scale manufactured goods, and plastic products. Small-scale industries also include agricultural services, metalworking, machinery and equipment production and repair services.[8] The main vegetable market in the city is the Kedarnath Market. Commercial activities are located along its main roads; the city also has a large number of informal shops.[27] As Gaya is an important centre of religious tourism, accommodation is widely available.[28] Bodh Gaya's largest hotel is the Maha Bodhi Hotel, Resort & Convention Centre; the Sambodhi Retreat, a resort of Bihar, is also in the town.
Distribution of religions
†Includes Sikhs (0.09%), Buddhists (0.02%).
The city had its first census in 1872, which placed the figure at 66,843.[30] In the 2011 census, the Gaya Urban Agglomeration had a population of 470,839.[31] The Gaya Urban Agglomeration encompasses the Gaya Municipal Corporation, Kaler (Out Growth), and Paharpur (Census Town).[32] the Gaya Municipal Corporation had a total population of 468,614,[33] of whom 247,572 were male and 221,042 were female. The population below 5 years was 59,669. The sex ratio was 986 women to 1000 men. The literacy rate for the population aged 7 and over was 85.74%.[34]
There are many city buses and taxis providing services across the city and Bodh Gaya. Tangas, Auto Rickshaws, Electric rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws also ply the city and Bodh Gaya. The main bus stands are Government Bus Stand, Sikaria More Bus Stand, Gaurkashni Bus Stand (Manpur), and Delha Bus Stand. Local transport is reliable, and auto rickshaws are available for various destinations in the city.
A weel bus service connecting all nearby towns is operated by BSRTC (Bihar State Road Transport Corporation.The Gaya–Patna railway line plays a major role in transporting people from the town to the state capital.
The Grand Trunk Road from Kolkata to Delhi passes from "Dobhi & Barachatti"some 30 km (19 mi) from Gaya. This road, known as National Highway 2 before 2010,[36] is now called National Highway 19. It connects Gaya to Patna, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur, Kolkata (495 km), Varanasi (252 km), Prayagraj, Kanpur, Delhi, Amritsar, and to the Pakistani cities of Lahore and Peshawar. Gaya is connected to Patna (105 km) by National Highway 22 (formerly NH 83), and to Nawada, Rajgir (78 km) and Bihar Sharif by NH 120. Construction work began in 2014 on the road from Patna to Dobhi via Gaya and Gaya to Bihar Sharif to create a four-lane highway with additional road and bridge infrastructure. Completion of the project, originally due in April 2018, has been delayed. the first expressway of bihar Amas-Darbhanga Expressway is starting from a nearby village Amas ,construction started from late 2020. [37]
Situated between Gaya (7 km) and Bodh Gaya (11 km), Gaya Airport is one of two operating international airports in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand. Gaya airport mainly operates weekly and seasonal flights for Buddhist pilgrims to Bodh Gaya from Colombo, Sri Lanka; Bangkok, Thailand, Singapore, Paro and Bhutan. There are also regular domestic flights to Kolkata andDelhi. IndiGo has started Domestic Flights to New Delhi and Kolkata. The Airports Authority of India has plans to develop Gaya Airport as a stand-by to the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata.[41]
^HRIDAY National Project Management Unit, National Institute of Urban Affairs, Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (21 January 2015). "Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana"(PDF). www.hridayindia.in. Archived(PDF) from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Bihar (India); Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1957). Bihar District Gazetteers: Singhbhum. Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
^ abcVidyarthi, Lalita Prasad (1978). "Chapter 1: The Sacred Centres of Gaya". The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya (2nd ed.). Concept Publishing Company. pp. 1–29. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
^Roy, Evelyn (1923). "Politics in Gaya"(PDF). The Communist International, Organ of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, English Edition. London, England. Archived(PDF) from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^Udyog Mitra, Department of Industries (2011). "Bihar – Economic Profile Gaya"(PDF). www.udyogmitrabihar.in. Government of Bihar. Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
Hindu temple in West Bengal, India Ma Manasa Temple, JakpurReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictPaschim MedinipurDeityManasa Ma, Snake DeityLocationLocationJakpurStateWest BengalCountryIndiaGeographic coordinates22°12′12.5″N 87°24′47.4″E / 22.203472°N 87.413167°E / 22.203472; 87.413167 Ma Manasa Temple, Jakpur is a Hindu temple in Jakpur near Kharagpur in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal.[1] It is a Ma Manasa (snake god) temple and very popular …
Eren Derdiyok Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Eren DerdiyokTanggal lahir 12 Juni 1988 (umur 35)Tempat lahir Basel, SwissTinggi 1,91 m (6 ft 3 in)Posisi bermain PenyerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini KasımpaşaNomor 9Karier junior1994–2004 Old BoysKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2004–2006 Old Boys 18 (10)2006–2009 FC Basel 63 (17)2009–2012 Bayer Leverkusen 90 (25)2012–2014 1899 Hoffenheim 19 (1)2013–2014 → Bayer Leverkusen (pinjaman) 10 (1)2014– Kasımpaşa 1 …
Odet de Coligny de Châtilloncardinale di Santa Romana ChiesaJean Clouet, Ritratto del cardinale de Coligny (1555 circa); disegno su carta, Musée Condé, Chantilly. Incarichi ricoperti Cardinale diacono dei Santi Sergio e Bacco (1533-1549) Amministratore apostolico di Tolosa (1534-1550) Amministratore apostolico di Beauvais (1535-1563) Abate commendatario di Saint-Lucien de Beauvais (1537-1563) Abate commendatario di Froidmont (1547-1563) Abate commendatario di Sainte-Trinité de la Lucer…
Stasiun Shin-Ōhirashita新大平下駅Pintu keluar barat Stasiun Shin-Ōhirashita pada Agustus 2021Lokasi571-2 Tomita Ōhira-machi, Tochigi-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-4404JepangKoordinat36°20′20″N 139°42′08″E / 36.3388°N 139.7021°E / 36.3388; 139.7021Koordinat: 36°20′20″N 139°42′08″E / 36.3388°N 139.7021°E / 36.3388; 139.7021Operator Tobu RailwayJalur Jalur Tobu NikkoLetak40.1 km dari Tōbu-Dōbutsu-KōenJumlah peron2 peron pulau…
مزرعة خواجة منصور مزرعه خواجه منصور - قرية - تقسيم إداري البلد إيران المحافظة أصفهان المقاطعة مقاطعة آران وبيدغل الناحية Central القسم الريفي قسم سفید دشت الريفي إحداثيات 34°06′49″N 51°28′19″E / 34.11361°N 51.47194°E / 34.11361; 51.47194 السكان معلومات أخرى التوقيت توقيت …
Villa Medici Loggia dei leoni villa, termasuk replika Singa Medici Akademi Prancis di Roma (bahasa Prancis: Académie de France à Rome) merupakan sebuah akademi yang terletak di Villa Medici, di dalam Villa Borghese, di Bukit Pincian, Roma, Italia. Lihat pula Villa Medici dilukis oleh Diego Velázquez Akademi Amerika di Roma Villa Massimo Catatan Pranala luar Situs web resmi Google Map Koordinat: 41°54′30″N 12°28′57″E / 41.90833°N 12.48250°E / 41.90833; 1…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento calciatori italiani non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Alfredo Foni Foni negli anni 30-40 circa Nazionalità Italia Altezza 172 cm Peso 72 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex difensore) Termine carriera 1949 - giocatore1977 - allenatore CarrieraSquadre di clu…
Alai ParakKelurahanMasjid Raya Sumatera Barat di Sudut pertemuan Jl. Khatib Sulaiman dengan Jl. Raya Ampang, Alai Parak Kopi, Kota PadangNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera BaratKotaPadangKecamatanPadang UtaraKode Kemendagri13.71.04.1006 Kode BPS1371070019 Luas-Jumlah penduduk-Kepadatan- Alai Parak adalah salah satu kelurahan yang terletak di Kecamatan Padang Utara, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Di kelurahan ini terdapat Balai Adat LKAAM Sumbar dan Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat. Kelurahan in…
Ayam Tandoori Ayam Tandoori adalah masakan Punjabi yang berasal dari Punjab dan keberadaannya dapat ditelusuri hingga zaman Kesultanan Mughal di Asia Selatan. Makanan ini masih menjadi makanan popular di daerah tersebut dan juga di Asia Tengah dan Asia Tenggara. Daging ayam untuk masakan ini pertama-tama direndam adonan susu asam kental yang telah dibumbui dengan garam masala - bawang putih, jahe, cabai dan macam-macam lada India tergantung dari resep rasa yang diinginkan. Biasanya masakan ini d…
Chief Justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986 This article is about the Supreme Court justice. For the journalist, see Warren Berger. Warren BurgerOfficial portrait, 198615th Chief Justice of the United StatesIn officeJune 23, 1969 – September 26, 1986Nominated byRichard NixonPreceded byEarl WarrenSucceeded byWilliam Rehnquist20th Chancellor of the College of William & MaryIn officeJune 26, 1986 – July 1, 1993PresidentPaul R. VerkuilTimothy J. SullivanPreceded by…
County in North Carolina, United States County in North CarolinaMecklenburg CountyCountyUptown Charlotte skylineOld Mecklenburg County CourthouseGovernors Island on Lake NormanFirst Presbyterian ChurchPineville Historic DistrictPresident James K. Polk Historic SiteCharlotte Research Institute campus at UNC Charlotte FlagSealNickname: Meck CountyLocation within the U.S. state of North CarolinaNorth Carolina's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 35°15′N 80°50′W / 35.25…
Sanal EdamarukuDikenal atasPresiden Indian Rationalist AssociationSanal Edamaruku adalah pendiri dan presiden Rationalist International.[1] Ia juga merupakan presiden Indian Rationalist Association. Ia adalah penyunting publikasi internet Rationalist International, serta pengarang 25 buku dan banyak artikel. Pada tahun 2012, dituduh melukai perasaan religius karena membantah klaim mukjizat di Gereja Katolik lokal. Kehidupan Kehidupan awal Ia lahir pada tahun 1955 di Thodupuzha, Kerala, I…
Children's television series 64 Zoo LaneTitle card for the third and fourth seriesAlso known as Zoo Lane 64, rue du Zoo Genre Fantasy Animated Educational Created byAn VrombautWritten byAn VrombautKeith BrumptonJohn GraceJill BrettGillian CorderoyDirected by An Vrombaut Albert Pereira-Lazaro Julien Cayot Starring Lara Wollington Keith Wickham Lewis McLeod Matt Wilkinson Adrienne Posta Bob Saker Anna Bentinck Dan Russell Ciara Janson Theme music composer Rowland Lee (music) An Vrombaut (lyrics) O…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant un coureur cycliste néerlandais. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?). Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet cyclisme. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Hans Dekkers et Dekkers. Hans DekkersHans Dekkers lors du Grand Prix de l'Escaut 2015 à Schoten.InformationsNaissance 8 août 1981 (42 ans)EindhovenNationalité néerlandaiseSpécialité SprinteurÉquipes non-UCI 2012-2013TML Dommelstreek2014-2017Arrow2018…
Singaporean professional footballer In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Swandi is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Adam. Adam Swandi Adam in action for Lion City Sailors in the 2023–24 AFC Champions League match.Personal informationFull name Adam bin Swandi[1]Date of birth (1996-01-12) 12 January 1996 (age 28)Place of birth SingaporeHeight 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Position(s) Midfielder / WingerTeam inform…
Umberto Gnoli a New York nel 1930 Umberto Gnoli (Roma, 21 maggio 1878 – Campello sul Clitunno, 15 gennaio 1947) è stato uno storico dell'arte e museologo italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 Incarichi e collaborazioni 1.2 Vita privata 2 Pubblicazioni 3 Note 4 Bibliografia 5 Altri progetti 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nasce a Roma nel 1878; la madre è Giuseppina Angelini di Perugia, il padre è Domenico, letterato, storico dell'arte, direttore a Roma della Biblioteca nazionale Vittorio Emanue…
Payment by one family of a marriage to the other family Part of a series on theAnthropology of kinship Basic concepts Family Lineage Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Posthumous marriage Joking relationship Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Ma…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant une église ou une cathédrale, les monuments historiques français et la Charente-Maritime. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Église Saint-Pierre. Église Saint-Pierre de ChampdolentPrésentationType ÉgliseDiocèse Diocèse de La Rochelle et SaintesParoisse Paroisse Saint-Savinien (d)Religion CatholicismePropriétaire CommuneP…