Gail Carpenter

Gail Alexandra Carpenter
Born1948 (age 76–77)
New York City, New York, US
Alma materUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
University of Colorado-Boulder
Known forAdaptive Resonance Theory (ART), neural network models and applications
Spouse(s)Stephen Grossberg
(m. 1979–)
Children1
AwardsIEEE Neural Networks Pioneer (2008)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics, Neuroscience
InstitutionsBoston University, Northeastern University, MIT
ThesisTraveling wave solutions of nerve impulse equations
Academic advisorsCharles C. Conley

Gail Alexandra Carpenter (born 1948) is an American cognitive scientist, neuroscientist and mathematician. She is now a "Professor Emerita of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University."[1] She had also been a Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems at Boston University, and the director of the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems (CNS) Technology Lab at Boston University.[2]

Early life

Gail Carpenter is the only daughter of Chadwick Hunter "Chad" Carpenter (1920-1996) and Ruth M. (née Stevenson) Carpenter (1920-2010). She has four brothers.[3][4]

Carpenter attended the International School of Geneva (1961-1966) then went to the University of Colorado in Boulder earning a B.A. in 1970 (summa cum laude, mathematics). She then earned a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Carpenter then taught at MIT and Northeastern University before moving to Boston University.[5]

Carpenter married Stephen Grossberg on June 16, 1979, in Boston University Castle in Boston, Massachusetts.[6]

Adaptive resonance theory

Carpenter's "neural modeling" efforts were clearly seen in her 1974 mathematics PhD thesis on Traveling wave solutions of nerve impulse equations at the University of Wisconsin Department of Mathematics while working with Charles C. Conley. Later she re-defined and expanded her theories in various papers during the mid to late 1970s. She defined the "generalized Hodgkin-Huxley models, used dynamical systems techniques to analyze their solutions, and characterized the qualitative properties of the burst suppression patterns that a typical neuron may propagate: while investigating normal and abnormal signal patterns in nerve cells.[5]

Distributed ART model (dART). Gail A Carpenter, 1996.

[7]

Main article: Adaptive resonance theory

Adaptive resonance theory (ART) is a theory developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter on aspects of how the brain processes information. It describes a number of neural network models which use supervised and unsupervised learning methods, and address problems such as pattern recognition and prediction.[8]

The primary intuition behind the ART model is that object identification and recognition generally occur as a result of the interaction of 'top-down' observer expectations with 'bottom-up' sensory information. The model postulates that 'top-down' expectations take the form of a memory template or prototype that is then compared with the actual features of an object as detected by the senses. This comparison gives rise to a measure of category belongingness. As long as this difference between sensation and expectation does not exceed a set threshold called the 'vigilance parameter', the sensed object will be considered a member of the expected class. The system thus offers a solution to the 'plasticity/stability' problem, i.e. the problem of acquiring new knowledge without disrupting existing knowledge that is also called incremental learning.[8]

Academic acknowledgements

Per Boston University, where Carpenter is a "Professor Emerita of Mathematics and Statistics," she is acknowledged as having been the very first woman to receive the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Neural Networks Pioneer Award in 2008. She was also elected to successive three-year terms on the Board of Governors of the International Neural Network Society (INNS)[9]) since its founding in 1987, and received the INNS Gabor Award in 1999. She has also served as an elected member of the Council of the American Mathematical Society, and is a charter member of the Association for Women in Mathematics.[10]

Her memberships include[10]

Awards and honors

  • IEEE Fellow Award (2013)
  • IEEE Senior Membership Award (2011)
  • IEEE Neural Networks Pioneer Award (2008)
  • INNS Fellow Award (2011)[citation needed]

Selected published articles

  • Carpenter, G. A. (2019). Looking to the future: Learning from experience, averting catastrophe. Neural Networks.
  • Carpenter, G. A., & Grossberg, S. (1987). A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 37(1), 54–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(87)80014-2
  • Carpenter, G. A., Grossberg, S., Markuzon, N., Reynolds, J. H., & Rosen, D. B. (1992). Fuzzy ARTMAP: A Neural Network Architecture for Incremental Supervised Learning of Analog Multidimensional Maps. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 3(5), 698–713. https://doi.org/10.1109/72.159059
  • Carpenter, G. A., Grossberg, S., & Reynolds, J. H. (1991). ARTMAP: Supervised real-time learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organizing neural network. Neural Networks, 4(5), 565–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(91)90012-T
  • Carpenter, G. A., Grossberg, S., & Rosen, D. B. (1991). Fuzzy ART: Fast stable learning and categorization of analog patterns by an adaptive resonance system. Neural Networks, 4(6), 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(91)90056-B

References

  1. ^ Google Scholar
  2. ^ https://mailman.srv.cs.cmu.edu/pipermail/connectionists/1989-December/012034.html |Wang Institute Conference| 1990 bio| GAIL CARPENTER is Professor of Mathematics and CNS; Co-Director of the
    CNS Graduate Program; 1989 Vice President of the International Neural Network
    Society (INNS); Organization Chairman of the 1988 INNS annual meeting; Session Chairman at the 1989 and 1990 IEEE/INNS International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN); one of four technical consultants to the national DARPA Neural Network Study; editor of the journals "Neural Networks", "Neural Computation", and "Neural Network Review"; and a member of the scientific advisory board of HNC. A leading neural architect, Carpenter is especially well-known for her seminal work on developing the adaptive resonance theory architectures (ART 1, ART 2, ART 3) for adaptive pattern recognition.
  3. ^ https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/653020371:61843 | Obituary for Ruth S. Carpenter| Accessed 18 January 2022| See also: April 29, 1947 Marriage at: https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/2268275:61406 [user-generated source]
  4. ^ https://www.ancestry.com/discoveryui-content/view/613063443:61843%7C[permanent dead link‍] Ancestry.com result for Chadwick Hunter Carpenter obit| Accessed 18 January 2022
  5. ^ a b https://techlab.bu.edu/members/gail/%7C[permanent dead link‍] CNS Technology Website| Accessed 18 January 2022
  6. ^ Newspapers.com| The Jackson Hole Guide; Publication Date: 21/ Jun/ 1979; Publication Place: Jackson, Wyoming, USA; URL: https://www.newspapers.com/image/317801978/?article=793bcdc8-8859-426f-a1ad-06890f4299c4&focus=0.036960505,0.094845355,0.2794417,0.50327265&xid=3398
  7. ^ Archival journal article describing the Distributed ART (dART) model is: Carpenter, G.A. (1997). Distributed learning, recognition, and prediction by ART and ARTMAP neural networks. Neural Networks, 10(8), 1473-1494.See Figure 1b.
  8. ^ a b Carpenter, G.A., Grossberg, S., & Reynolds, J.H. (1991), ARTMAP: Supervised real-time learning and classification of nonstationary data by a self-organizing neural network Archived 2006-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, Neural Networks, 4, 565-588
  9. ^ https://www.inns.org/%7C[permanent dead link‍] International Neural Network Society (INNS)| Accessed 18 January 2022
  10. ^ a b "Gail Carpenter | PR Social".

Other sources

Carpenter is also cited in the following book: ’’American Men & Women of Science’’ A biographical directory of today's leaders in physical, biological and related sciences. 23rd edition. Eight volumes. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. (AmMWSc 23)