The G4 nations, comprising Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan, are four countries which support each other's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Unlike the G7, where the common denominator is the economy and long-term political motives, the G4's primary aim is the permanent member seats on the Security Council. Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council since the UN's establishment. Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5). However, the G4's bids are often opposed by the Uniting for Consensus movement, and particularly their economic competitors or political rivals.[1]
Background
The UN currently has five permanent members with veto power in the Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States – comprising the victors of World War II. The G4 nations are regularly elected to two-year terms on the Security Council as non-permanent members by their respective regional groups: in the 24-year period from 1987 to 2010, Brazil and Japan were elected for five terms each, Germany for four terms (one term as West Germany and three terms as unified Germany) and India for eight terms.[2] Cumulatively, the G4 has spent 64 years on the Security Council since the UN's inception, with each country serving at least a decade.[3]
1share of annual UN budget 2share of funding for UN peacekeeping 3Germany takes part in NATOnuclear weapons sharing agreement
Opinions
Support
The United Kingdom and France have backed the G4's bid for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council.[4] Japan has received support from the United States[5] and the United Kingdom.[6]
All the permanent members of P5 have supported India's bids for permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), but China has previously implied that it is only ready to support India's bid for a permanent seat on United Nations Security Council if India does not associate its bid with Japan.[7][8][9][10]
The United States has sent strong indications to Brazil that it is willing to support its membership, albeit without a veto.[11] The Council on Foreign Relations recommended that the U.S. government fully endorse the inclusion of Brazil as a permanent member of the Security Council.[12] Brazil has received backing from three of the current permanent members, namely France,[13][14] Russia,[15][16] and the United Kingdom.[17][14]
In the final document of the 2019 BRICS summit, China and Russia say they "reiterate the importance of a comprehensive Security Council reform" and "support Brazil and India's aspiration for more relevant UN roles".[18]
As stated by the Minister of Foreign AffairsSergey Lavrov at the Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi in January 2020: "I would say the Security Council's main shortcoming is the under-representation of developing countries. We reiterate our position that India and Brazil absolutely deserve to be on the council together with an African candidate, our position is that the purpose of the reform is to make sure that the developing countries enjoy a better treatment in the central organ of the United Nations".[19]
Opposition
There has been discontent among the present permanent members regarding the inclusion of controversial nations or countries not supported by them. For instance, Japan's bid is heavily opposed by China,[20]North Korea, Russia and South Korea who think that Japan needs to make sincere atonements for war crimes committed during World War II.
Under the leadership of Italy,[21] countries that strongly oppose the G4 countries' bids have formed the Uniting for Consensus movement, or the Club, composed mainly of regional powers that oppose the rise of some nearby country to permanent member status. Uniting for Consensus supports expanding the number of non-permanent security council members and restricting the usage of the veto. The bloc argues that adding more permanent seats to the security council only benefits the nations that gain those seats, and believes that an expansion of the non-permanent membership will make the UNSC both more flexible and more democratic.[22]
Another counter-proposal, the Ezulwini Consensus, was presented by the African Union, calling for the addition of five new non-permanent seats and two new permanent seats to be allocated to African nations, in response to a lack of African representation on the Security Council.[25]
Activity
The G4 and P5 members as a future reformed UNSCMeeting of G4 Leaders (September 26, 2015)
The G4 suggested that two African nations, in addition to themselves, be included in the enlarged UNSC. In several conferences during the summer of 2005, African Union was unable to agree on two nominees: Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa all lay claim to a permanent African UNSC seat.[26][27]
A UN General Assembly in September 2005 marked the 60th anniversary of the UN and the members were to decide on a number of necessary reforms—including the enlarged Security Council. However the unwillingness to find a negotiable position stopped even the most urgent reforms; the September 2005 General Assembly was a setback for the UN.[citation needed]
The G4 retain their goal of permanent UNSC membership for all four nations (plus two African nations). In January 2006, Japan announced it would not support putting the G4 resolution back on the table, not to interfere with any effort by the African Union to unite behind a single plan. And meanwhile, Japan's continuing relations with the G4 were not mutually exclusive.[28][29] G4 issued a joint statement on 12 February 2011, in which their foreign ministers agreed to seek concrete outcome in the current session of the UN General Assembly.[citation needed]
In September 2015, Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, invited the leaders of the G4 for a summit following the adoption of UN General Assembly Decision 69/560 by consensus, which moved forward for the first time.[30] In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted a permanent UNSC seat.[31]
In September 2019, in a joint press statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the G4 ministers reiterated their strong commitment to an early and comprehensive reform of the UNSC. Bearing in mind that in 2020 the United Nations would celebrate its 75th anniversary, the G4 ministers also expressed their firm hope that the current session of the General Assembly would pave the way for finally moving on the call for an ‘early reform’ of the Security Council and underscored their steadfast support for Africa's representation in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a future reform.[32]
In September 2023, in a joint press statement during the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly, the foreign ministers of G4, joined to discuss the state of play of the negotiations for the reform of the UNSC, and reiterated that the expansion of the Security Council is essential to make the body more representative, legitimate, effective and efficient, adding that Africa needs to be represented in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a reformed and expanded Council.[33]
^"Joint Press Statement". Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^"Joint Press Statement". Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 21 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
German Advent hymn, 1623 Macht hoch die TürLutheran hymnMacht hoch die Tür in a five-part setting by Max RegerWritten1623 (1623)Textby Georg WeisselLanguageGermanMelodyby Johann StobäusJohann Anastasius FreylinghausenComposed16231704Published1642 (1642) Macht hoch die Tür (Fling wide the door) is a popular German Advent hymn, written in 17th century Ducal Prussia. The lyrics were written by Georg Weissel in 1623 for the inauguration of the Altroßgärter Kirche in Königsberg. The …
Usus buntu (sekum) dalam sistem pencernaan manusia Usus buntu atau sekum (Bahasa Latin: caecus, buta) dalam istilah anatomi adalah suatu kantung yang terhubung pada usus penyerapan serta bagian kolon menanjak dari usus besar[1]. Organ ini ditemukan pada mamalia, burung, dan beberapa jenis reptil. Sebagian besar herbivora memiliki sekum yang besar, sedangkan karnivora eksklusif memiliki sekum yang kecil, yang sebagian atau seluruhnya digantikan oleh umbai cacing. Usus buntu dalam bahasa L…
Ця стаття потребує додаткових посилань на джерела для поліпшення її перевірності. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Зверніться на сторінку обговорення за поясненнями та допоможіть виправити недоліки. Матер…
For the earlier and later shows with the same name, see Marie (TV pilot) and Marie (talk show). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Marie 1980 TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American TV series or program MarieG…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مايو 2022) إساءة استخدام مبيدات الآفات تُعتبر خرقًا القوانين التي تنظم استخدامها في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية إذ أن ذلك يعرض كل من صحة الإنسان والبيئة للخطر. وُضعت العد…
American comic strip by Rebecca McCann The Cheerful CherubApril 1926 sample of the comic.Author(s)Rebecca McCannCurrent status/scheduleDefunctLaunch date1916/7End date1927Syndicate(s)George Matthew Adams Newspaper Service The Cheerful Cherub is an American single-panel newspaper comic written and drawn by Rebecca McCann, originally published in the Chicago Evening Post and syndicated by George Matthew Adams.[1] Every installation features the title character, accompanied by his pet dog, …
Pakistani politician NawabGhous Bakhsh RaisaniRaisani in Mehrgarh, February 19872nd Governor of BalochistanIn office26 December 1971 – 19 April 1972Preceded byRiaz HussainSucceeded byGhaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Personal detailsBorn(1924-09-06)6 September 1924Kanak, Kalat State, British India (present-day Kanak, Balochistan, Pakistan)Died26 May 1987(1987-05-26) (aged 62)Mehrgarh, Balochistan, PakistanPolitical partyPakistan People's Party Nawab Mir Ghous Bakhsh Khan Raisani (6 September …
County of Fuzhou, Fujian, China This article is about the PRC-administered county. For the ROC (Taiwan)-administered county (the Matsu Islands), see Lienchiang County. For the county-level city in Guangdong, see Lianjiang, Guangdong. County in Fujian, People's Republic of ChinaLianjiang 连江县 (Chinese)Lienkong, Lienkiang, LienchiangCountyClockwise from top: Southward View from Jiulong Mountain, a street in Chuanshi Village, the Ao River passing through Fengcheng, Huangqi fishing port, a…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Italiani (disambigua). Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento Italia è ritenuta da controllare. Motivo: dati dell'infobox di dubbia natura, disorganici e incoerenti. È indicata la cifra di 550000 svizzeri italiani, che però non sono italiani e non arrivano certo a 550000. Dipende da un edit senza fonte che ha cambiato il valore senza modificare la nota. Il valore sembra riferito al più corretto dato degli italiani in Svizzera (u…
1922 novel by Anzia Yezierska Salome of the Tenements AuthorAnzia YezierskaPublished1922 (Boni & Liveright)Publication placeUnited StatesSalome of the Tenements is a novel published in 1922 by Jewish-American writer Anzia Yezierska.[1] The novel follows the story of a young Jewish immigrant living in New York who wishes to marry a wealthy man and escape the bounds of her lower-class upbringing.[2] Yezierska drew inspiration for the novel from the lives of Rose Pastor Stokes a…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2022) منظر جوي لخليج البجع بدأ إضراب سجناء كاليفورنيا عن الطعام لعام 2013 في 8 يوليو 2013 وشارك فيه أكثر من 29000 سجين احتجاجًا على استخدام الولاية لممارسات الحبس الانفراد…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2015) الخطوط الجوية الباشكريةBAL Bashkirian Airlines إياتاV9 إيكاوBTC رمز النداءBRAVO TANGO CHARLIE تاريخ الإنشاء 1991 الجنسية روسيا التوقف عن النشاط 2007 المطارات الرئيسية مطار أوفا ا…
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولتاريخ إيران التاريخ الإسطوري أسرة بيشداديان كيانيون العصور القديمة ق.م إيران ماقبل التاريخ العصور القديمة–4000 حضارة كورا- أراكسيس 3400–2000 الحقبة العيلامية الأولى 3200–2700 حضارة جيروفت قرابة 3100 – قرابة 2200 عيلام 2700–539 الإمبراطورية الأكدية 2400–2150 لولوبيون…
العلاقات البريطانية الباهاماسية المملكة المتحدة باهاماس المملكة المتحدة باهاماس تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البريطانية الباهاماسية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين المملكة المتحدة وباهاماس.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة …
Simone BoldiniBoldini con la maglia dell'Ascoli nel 1980Nazionalità Italia Calcio RuoloAllenatore (ex difensore) Squadra Olginatese Termine carriera1990 - giocatore CarrieraGiovanili 1964-1971 Milan Squadre di club1 1971-1972 Milan0 (0)1972-1973→ Spezia24 (0)1973-1976 Como59 (2)1976-1979 Milan26 (1)1979-1983 Ascoli108 (4)1983-1985 Napoli38 (0)1985-1987 Atalanta28 (0)1987-1989 Pistoiese? (?)1989-1990 Saronno34 (3) Carriera da allenat…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Thinley Norbu – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kyabje Dungse Thinley Norbu Rinpoche (Tibetan: ཕྲིན་ལས་ནོར་བུ།, Wylie: phrin las nor bu, THL: Trinlé Norbu; Chinese&…
Dacian fortress of Odorheiu SecuiescShown within RomaniaLocationCicer, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Harghita, RomaniaCoordinates46°18′N 25°18′E / 46.30°N 25.30°E / 46.30; 25.30Site notesConditionRuined Monument istoricReference no.HR-I-m-A-12693.02 [1] It was a Dacian fortified town. References ^ National Archaeological Record (RAN). ran.cimec.ro. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012. vteAncient Dacian cities and/or fortres…
.jpg)
