Exorista larvarum

Exorista larvarum
Exorista larvarum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Tachinidae
Subfamily:	Exoristinae
Tribe:	Exoristini
Genus:	Exorista
Species:	E. larvarum
Binomial name
Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus, 1758)[1]
Synonyms
Tachina nakanensis Matsumura, 1916[2] Eriothrix gentilis Meigen, 1805[3] Exorista jugoslavica Lehrer & Dobrivojevic, 1967 Masicera pulverulenta Macquart, 1851[4] Musca larvarum Linnaeus, 1758[1] Musca larvincola Ratzeburg, 1844[5] Musca monachae Ratzeburg, 1844[5] Tachina chrysalidarum Rondani, 1859[6] Tachina flavescens Meigen, 1824[7] Tachina grandis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[8] Tachina insuscepta Walker, 1853[9] Tachina laeta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[8] Tachina littoralis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[10] Tachina macroglossae Robineau-Desvoidy, 1850[11] Tachina melanocolica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[8] Tachina moreti Robineau-Desvoidy, 1853[12] Tachina nitidiventris Macquart, 1854[13] Tachina nobilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[8] Tachina noctuarum Rondani, 1865[14] Tachina praepotens Meigen, 1824[7] Tachina puella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[8] Tachina rapida Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[10] Tachina rubescens Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[10] Tachina scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[10] Tachina stimulans Meigen, 1824[7] Tachina tardata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863[8] Tachina utilis Townsend, 1908 Tachina vagans Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[10] Tachina vidua Meigen, 1824[7] Tachina villica Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830[10]

Exorista larvarum is a Palaearctic species of fly in the family Tachinidae.[15][16][17]

Distribution

Canada, United States, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, British Isles, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Japan, North Korea, Iran, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Egypt, Tunisia, Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, China, India, Taiwan.

Hosts

Lepidoptera larvae, mainly Lymantriidae and Lasiocampidae. It attacks Lymantria dispar dispar.[18]: 20  Studies have been conducted into its ability to successfully prey on Mythimna unipuncta[19] and Cydalima perspectalis[20].

Parasitic nature

It lays an egg on its host. The egg hatches and the larva penetrates the host.[18]: 20  The host could escape this fate by molting before the egg hatches.[18]: 20 

Artificial Diets

For rearing Exorista larvarum in controlled conditions, inexpensive diets are preferable. MEYS contains liquid skimmed milk, chicken egg yolk, yeast extract and saccharose and HEYS contains veal homogenate, chicken egg yolk, yeast extract and saccharose.[21] Though many variations of the diet yield different results.[22] Larvae have a tendency to wander, which can result in starvation, so reducing wander is important for maximizing yields.[22]

References

1. Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae... Ed. 10, Vol. 1. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii. pp. 824 pp. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
2. Matsumura, Shonen (1916). Thousand insects of Japan. Additamenta Vol. 2 (Diptera). Tokyo: Keisei-sha. pp. 185–474 + [4], pls. 16–25.
3. Fabricius, Johann Christian (1805). Systema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species. Bransvigae: Apud Carolum Reichard. pp. i–xiv, 1–373. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
4. Macquart, P.J.M. (1851). "Nouvelles observations sur les insectes diptères d'Europe de la tribu des tachinaires (suite)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 8[1850] (2): 419–492, 4 pls. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
5. Ratzeburg, J.T.C. (1844). Die Forst-Insecten oder Abbildung und Beschreibung der in den Waldern Preussens ... Vol. 3: Die Ader-, Zwei-, Halb-, Netz- und Geradflugler. Berlin: Nicolai. pp. viii + 314 pp., 5 tables, 16 pls.
6. Rondani, C. (1859). Dipterologiae Italicae prodromus. Vol: III. Species Italicae ... Pars secunda. Muscidae Siphoninae et (partim) Tachininae. Parmae [= Parma]: A. Stocchi. pp. 243 + [1] pp. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
7. Meigen, J. W. (1824). "Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten". Vierter Theil. Schulz-Wundermann, Hamm.: xii + 428 pp. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
8. Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean-Baptiste (1863). Histoire naturelle des dipteres des environs de Paris (PDF). Vol. Tome second. Masson et Fils, Paris. pp. 1–920. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
9. Walker, F. (1853). Insecta Britannica, Diptera. Volume 2. London: Reeve & Benham. pp. vi + 298 pp., pls. 11–20.
10. Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B. (1830). "Essai sur les myodaires". Mémoires présentés par divers savans à l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France (Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques). 2 (2): 1–813. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
11. Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B. (1850). "Memoire sur plusieurs espèces de Myodaires-Entomobies". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 8 (2): 157–181. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
12. Robineau-Desvoidy, J.B. (1853). "Sur les eclosions de plusieurs espèces de Diptères, obtenues par le docteur Moret, Medicin a Auxerre". Bull. Soc. Sci. Hist. Nat. Yonne. 7: 531–536.
13. Macquart, P.J.M. (1854). "Nouvelles observations sur les insectes diptères d'Europe de la tribu des tachinaires (suite)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 2 (3): 373–392, pls. 13–15. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
14. Rondani, Camillo (1865). "Diptera Italica non vel minus cognita descripta vel annotata observationibus nonnullis additis. Fasc. I. Oestridae-Syrphidae-Conopidae; Fasc. II. Muscidae". Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 8: 127–146. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
15. Chandler, Peter J. (1998). Checklists of Insects of the British Isles (New Series) Part 1: Diptera. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 12. London: Royal Entomological Society of London. pp. 1–234. ISBN 0-901546-82-8.
16. O’Hara, James E.; Henderson, Shannon J.; Wood, D. Monty (5 March 2020). "Preliminary Checklist of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of the World" (PDF). Tachinidae Resources. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
17. O'Hara, James E.; Wood, D. Monty (28 January 2004). "Checklist Of The Tachinidae (Diptera) Of America North Of Mexico" (PDF). Nicaragua: Biodiversidad de Nicaragua. pp. 1–42.
18. The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management, United States Department of Agriculture, 1981
19. "Reports from University of Lleida Add New Data to Research in Biological Controls.(Report)." Life Science Weekly. NewsRX. 2012. Subscription required. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
20. Martini, Antonio; Di Vitantonia, Cinzia; Dindo, Maria Luisa. "Acceptance and suitability of the box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis as host for the tachinid parasitoid Exorista larvarum.". Bulletin of Insectology 72 (1): 150-160.
21. Chiappini, Elisabetta; Dindo, Maria Luisa; Negri, Ilaria; Sighinolfi, Luca. "In vitro rearing of Anagrus breviphragma (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg parasitoid of Cicadella viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), from second instar larva to adult on diets without insect components." European Journal of Entomology. Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences. 2004. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2019-08-14. Subscription required.
22. MELLINI E. & CAMPADELLI G. 1995: Formulas for "inexpensive" artificial diets for the parasitoid Exorista larvarum (L.). Boll. Ist. Entomol. "Guida Grandi" Univ. Bologna 50: 95-106.http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/pdfarticles/vol50-1996-095-106mellini.pdf