Euphorbia myrsinites

Euphorbia myrsinites
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Euphorbia
Species:
E. myrsinites
Binomial name
Euphorbia myrsinites
L. (1753)
Subspecies[1]
  • Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. myrsinites
  • Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. rechingeri (Greuter) Aldén
Synonyms[1]
  • Endoisila myrsinites (L.) Raf. (1838)
  • Euphorbion myrsinitum (L.) St.-Lag. (1880)
  • Galarhoeus myrsinites (L.) Haw. (1812)
  • Murtekias myrsinites (L.) Raf. (1838)
  • Tithymalus myrsinites (L.) Hill (1768)

Euphorbia myrsinites, the myrtle spurge,[2] blue spurge,[2] or broad-leaved glaucous-spurge,[3] is a succulent species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae.

Distribution

The plant is native to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, from the Balearic Islands and Italy east through the Balkans to Crimea, Turkey,[4][2] the Caucasus, and Iran.[1]

Etymology

The specific epithet myrsinites is derived from the Greek word μυρσινίτης (myrsinites), which was used in Dioscorides's De Materia Medica to describe its similarity to μυρσίνη (myrsine), aka myrtle (Myrtus communis).[5][6]

Description

Myrtle spurge is an evergreen perennial. It has sprawling stems growing to 20–40 cm long. The leaves are spirally arranged, fleshy, pale glaucous bluish-green, 1–2 cm long. The flowers are inconspicuous, but surrounded by bright sulphur-yellow bracts (tinged red in the cultivar 'Washfield'); they are produced during the spring.[7]

Plants spread primarily by seed and are capable of projecting seed up to 15 feet.[8]

Toxicity

The plant's milky sap can cause significant skin and eye irritation in humans and may cause blindness with contact with the eyes. The plant causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea when ingested.[9] Goggles, gloves and protective gear is often used when removing plants. Children are more susceptible than adults to symptoms from myrtle spurge, suggesting play areas not in proximity to the species. Pets can have similar reactions to myrtle spurge sap exposure.

Subspecies

Two subspecies are accepted.[1]

  • Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. myrsinites – southern Europe to Turkey, the Caucasus, and Iran
  • Euphorbia myrsinites subsp. rechingeri (Greuter) Aldén (synonym Euphorbia rechingeri Greuter) – Crete

Cultivation

Euphorbia myrsinites is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its distinctive silver-gray foliage, and is used in garden borders, 'modernist' mass plantings, and as a potted plant. It is planted in drought tolerant gardens in California and other dry climates.

In the United Kingdom, the cultivated plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10][11]

Noxious weed

Euphorbia myrsinites is identified as a noxious weed and/or invasive species in some regions.

  • Its cultivation is illegal in the U.S. state of Colorado, where it is classified as a Class A noxious weed, and landowners are legally required to eradicate it.[12][13]
  • Myrtle spurge is also classified as a noxious weed in the U.S. state of Oregon, subject to quarantine.[14]
  • It was listed as a noxious weed in Salt Lake County, Utah in 2007, and since has been illegal for sale within the county.[15] Salt Lake County landowners and land managers are legally responsible to contain, control, or eradicate the species on their property. The Utah Native Plant Society has also formally recommended it be listed as a Utah state noxious weed.

Control

Physical control
Small infestations can be controlled through multiple years of digging up at least 4" of the root. Myrtle spurge is best controlled in the spring when the soil is moist and prior to seed production. Make sure to dispose of all the plant parts in the garbage instead of composting.[16]
Chemical control
Myrtle spurge can be effectively controlled with products containing 2, 4-D and dicamba (i.e. Weed B Gon) applied in late fall.[17]
Biological control
There are currently no known bio-controls, though the leafy spurge flea beetle (Aphthona), has had a high survival rate on myrtle spurge in laboratory studies.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Euphorbia myrsinites L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Euphorbia myrsinites". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ Flora Europaea: Euphorbia myrsinites
  5. ^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-511-47376-0.
  6. ^ Dioscorides, Pedanius (2000). De Materia Medica. South Africa: IBIDIS Press cc. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-620-23435-1.
  7. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5
  8. ^ "Myrtle Spurge Fact Sheet" (PDF). Salt Lake County Weed Control Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  9. ^ "WEED MANAGEMENT PLAN" (PDF). Asotin County Noxious Weed Control Board.
  10. ^ "Euphorbia myrsinites AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  11. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 38. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  12. ^ Myrtle Spurge
  13. ^ Colorado Noxious Weed Act, CRS § 35-5.5-101 et seq.; Rules Pertaining to the Administration and Enforcement of the Colorado Noxious Weed Act, 8 CCR 1206-2 § 3.1.
  14. ^ Oregon State-listed Noxious Weeds
  15. ^ "Salt Lake County Weeds". Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
  16. ^ "Myrtle Spurge Fact Sheet" (PDF). Salt Lake County Weed Control Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  17. ^ "Myrtle Spurge Fact Sheet" (PDF). Salt Lake County Weed Control Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  18. ^ "Myrtle Spurge". ODA Plant Programs, Noxious Weed Control.
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