Eucalyptus piperita

Sydney peppermint
Eucalyptus piperita in Maranoa Gardens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species:
E. piperita
Binomial name
Eucalyptus piperita
E. piperita, field distribution
Synonyms[2]
Synonyms
  • Eucalyptus aromatica (Salisb.) Domin
  • Eucalyptus bottii Blakely
  • Eucalyptus piperita Sm. subsp. piperita
  • Eucalyptus piperita subsp. urceolaris (Maiden & Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell
  • Eucalyptus piperita var. laxiflora Benth.
  • Eucalyptus piperita Sm. var. piperita
  • Eucalyptus urceolaris Maiden & Blakely
  • Metrosideros aromatica Salisb.

Eucalyptus piperita, commonly known as Sydney peppermint and urn-fruited peppermint,[3] is a small to medium forest tree native to New South Wales, Australia.

Description

It has grey, rough and finely fibrous bark on its trunk, but its branches are smooth and white. Adult leaves are dull blue-green and often oblique. Bright yellow-green flowers are borne in clusters of seven or more in late spring to mid summer. Fruit is urceolate (urn shaped) to barrel shaped,[4] especially on the sides of valleys.[5][6]

Taxonomy and naming

Plate 23 of John White's Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, showing leaves and fruit of E. piperita (Only the centre and right images portray E. piperita; the fruit on the left was later shown to be E. capitellata.)

Specimens of E. piperita were first collected by First Fleet surgeon and naturalist John White, and published by James Edward Smith in his appendix to White's 1790 Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales.[7] Smith gave it the specific epithet piperita because its odour of its essential oil was so similar to that of Mentha × piperita, the peppermint. White's Voyage also featured a plate showing the plant's leaves and old fruit, but no flowers.[8]

Smith's description was republished in his 1793 A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland,[8] but this did not stop Richard Anthony Salisbury publishing the same plant as Metrosideros aromatica in 1796.

Distribution and habitat

Sydney peppermint occurs in the tablelands and coastal areas of central and southern New South Wales,[4] especially on the sides of valleys.[5]

Uses

The volatile leaf oil of E. piperita has been used in stomach upsets.[9]

E. piperita 'type' has a fresh weight oil yield of 2.25% containing piperitone (40–50%) and phellandrene.[10]

Australian botanist, Joseph Maiden, was of the opinion that Dennis Considen, a surgeon on the First Fleet deserves credit for being the first person to recognize the medicinal value of Eucalyptus oil extracted from E. piperita found growing on the shores of Port Jackson in 1788.[11] This view is based on a letter Considen wrote in November 1788 to an English colleague, Dr Anthony Hamilton, saying that "... we have a large peppermint tree which is equal if not superior to our English peppermint. I have sent you a specimen of it if there is any merit in applying these and many other simples[sic] to the benefit of the poor wretches here, I certainly claim it, being the first who discovered and recommended them".[12] Considen dispatched an oil sample for further evaluation in England on the return voyage of the Golden Grove in 1788.[13][14] John White, Surgeon General to the Colony, is also credited with the discovery, in documenting the matter[15] and organizing oil samples to be sent back to England.[8] The surgeons initially based their assumptions of the medicinal properties of E. piperita from the similarity of its fragrance to English peppermint.

See also

References

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  1. ^ Fensham, R.; Collingwood, T.; Laffineur, B. (2019). "Eucalyptus piperita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T133378884A133378886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133378884A133378886.en. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Eucalyptus piperita". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Australian Plant Common Name Database". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  4. ^ a b Brooker, M. I. H. & Kleinig, D. A. (2001). Field Guide to Eucalyptus. Melbourne: Bloomings.
  5. ^ a b Beadle, N. C. W.; O. D. Evans & R. C. Carolin (1972). Flora of the Sydney Region. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. ISBN 0-589-07086-X.
  6. ^ "Eucalyptus piperita subsp. piperita". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  7. ^ "Eucalyptus piperita". APNI. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Smith, James Edward (1790). Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales. London: J. Debrett. pp. 226–228. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  9. ^ Lassak, E.V., & McCarthy, T., Australian Medicinal Plants, Methuen Australia, 1983, p. 154, ISBN 0-454-00438-9.
  10. ^ Penfold, A.R. and Morrison, F.R. 1924. Notes on Eucalyptus piperita and its essential oils, with special reference to their piperitone content. Part I. J. proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., 58, pp. 124–278
  11. ^ Maiden, J.H., The Forest Flora of New South Wales, vol. 4, Government Printer, Sydney, 1922.
  12. ^ Copy of letter received by Dr Anthony Hamiltion, from Dennis Considen, 18 November 1788, and sent onto Joseph Banks.[1] Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Mackern, H.H.G. (1968). "Research into the volatile oils of the Australian flora, 1788–1967" (PDF). A Century of Scientific Progress. Science Society House, Sydney: Royal Society of New South Wales: 310–331.
  14. ^ Small, B.E.J., Assessing the Australian Eucalyptus oil industry. Forest and Timber, 13, pp. 13–16, 1977.
  15. ^ Lassak, E.V., & McCarthy, T., Australian Medicinal Plants, Methuen Australia, 1983, p. 15, ISBN 0-454-00438-9.