Eight Principles of Yong

The character 永; yǒng; 'forever', 'permanence': its stroke order animated (left) and colored sequentially from black to red (right)
The strokes numbered: where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes overlap briefly and continue from the previous number to the next.
The eight strokes
The strokes together and separated: sequence numbers, and stroke directions (red)
Eight Principles of Yong
Chinese name
Chinese永字八法
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYǒngzì Bā Fǎ
Wade–GilesYung3tzu4 Pa1 Fa3
Hakka
RomanizationYúnsṳ̀ Pat Fap
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingWing5zi6 Baat3 Faat3
Southern Min
Tâi-lôÍngjī Pat Huat
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetVĩnh tự bát pháp
Chữ Hán永字八法
Korean name
Hangul영자팔법
Hanja永字八法
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationYeongjapalbeop
Japanese name
Kanji永字八法
Kanaえいじはっぽう
Transcriptions
RomanizationEiji happō

The Eight Principles of Yong are used by calligraphers to practice how to write the eight most common strokes in regular script, using the fact that they are all present in the character 永; yǒng; 'forever', 'permanence'. It was believed that the frequent practice of these principles as such when beginning one's study could ensure beauty in the Chinese calligrapher's writing.

The Eight Principles are influenced by the Eastern Jin-era Seven Powers (七勢) by Lady Wei Shuo. Publications on the principles include:

  • The Tang-era Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Liu Zongyuan[1]
  • The Tang-era Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Yan Zhenqing[2]
  • The Yuan-era Eight Ways to Explain "Yong" (永字八法解) by Li Puguang,[3] which provides two-character metaphorical names

Table

Yongzi strokes by stroke order
Stroke[4] Name Additional description
Tang-era[1][2] Li[3] Modern Chinese Vietnamese
1
㇔
 側; 侧; cè; 'side' 怪石; guàishí; 'dot' 點; 点; diǎn; 'dot' chấm Tiny dash, speck
2
㇐
 勒; lè; 'bridle' 玉案; yù'àn; 'jade table' 橫; 横; héng; 'horizontal' sổ ngang Rightward
3
㇑
  • 弩; nǔ; 'crossbow'
  • 努; nǔ; 'strive'
 鐵柱; 铁柱; tiězhù; 'iron pillar'
  • 豎、竪; 竖; shù; 'erect'
  • 鐵杵; 铁杵; tiěchǔ; 'iron staff'[citation needed]
 sổ dọc Downward
4
㇚
 趯; tì; 'jump' 蟹爪; xièzhuǎ; 'crab's pincer' 鉤、鈎; 钩; gōu; 'hook' móc Appended to others, suddenly going down, or left only
5
㇀
 策; cè; 'horsewhip' 虎牙; hǔyá; 'tiger's tooth'
hất Flick up and rightwards
6
㇁
 掠; lüè; 'skim' 犀角; xījiǎo; 'rhinoceros's horn' 彎; 弯; wān; 'curve' cong Tapering thinning curve, usually concave left (convex outward right) with fast speed as if skimming
7
㇒
 啄; zhuó; 'to peck' 鳥啄; 鸟啄; niǎozhuó; 'bird's pecking'
phẩy Falling leftwards with light curve
8
㇏
 磔; zhé; 'dismember' 金刀; jīndāo; 'golden knife'
mác Falling rightwards, fattening at bottom, where endpoint is "sharp as a knife"

CJK strokes

Main article: Stroke (CJK character)

In addition to these eight common strokes in 永, there are at least two dozen strokes of combinations which enter in the composition of CJK strokes and by inclusion the CJK characters themselves. Many are included in Unicode.[4]

  • The principles, as shown in the Vietnamese book Nhật dụng thường đàm 日用常談 (1851), with their individual strokes
    The principles, as shown in the Vietnamese book Nhật dụng thường đàm 日用常談 (1851), with their individual strokes
  • A section in Ngũ vân lâu tăng đính tứ thể thư pháp 五雲摟增訂四體書法 (1848), explaining the concept of the Eight Principles of Yong
    A section in Ngũ vân lâu tăng đính tứ thể thư pháp 五雲摟增訂四體書法 (1848), explaining the concept of the Eight Principles of Yong
  • The Eight Principles of Yong depicted the calligraphy book, Tứ thể bút thức 四體筆式 (1869)
    The Eight Principles of Yong depicted the calligraphy book, Tứ thể bút thức 四體筆式 (1869)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Liu, Zongyuan. 永字八法颁 Yǒngzìbāfǎ sòng [Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"]. 全唐文 (in Chinese). Vol. 0583.
  2. ^ a b Yan, Zhenqing. 永字八法颂 Yǒngzìbāfǎ sòng [Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"]. 全唐文 (in Chinese). Vol. 0338.
  3. ^ a b Li, Puguang. 永字八法解 Yǒngzìbāfǎ jiě [Eight Ways to Explain "Yong"] (in Chinese).
  4. ^ a b "CJK Strokes" (PDF). The Unicode Standard.