Edith Gertrude Willcock

Edith and her husband in the 1930s

Edith Gertrude Willcock (1879–1953) was an English nuclear physicist and biochemist. After publishing on radium, she contributed to research into the role of amino acids in diet.

Early life

Edith Willcock was born at Albrighton on 7 January 1879 to solicitor Robert Willcock and his wife Emma.[1] She was educated at the King Edward VI High School for Girls in Birmingham, known for its science syllabus.[2]

Scientific career

Willcock studied at Newnham College, Cambridge from 1900, gaining a second class pass in Part I in 1902 and a first class pass in Part II in 1904. She received a Bathurst studentship to continue her research in 1904 – 5 and was appointed a research fellow at Newnham in 1905 – 9.[3] Since Cambridge did not award degrees to women until 1948, she was one of the 'steamboat ladies' who travelled to Trinity College, Dublin to receive their degrees, gaining a DSc in 1906.[4]

During her undergraduate studies, she did research with William Bate Hardy on radium, and published a solo paper which represents one of the first studies to show the damaging effects of radiation on animal life.[5]

Inspired by her 'realisation of the existence of vast unexplored tracts and the unfolding of immense opportunities for research'[6] in lectures by Frederick Gowland Hopkins, she carried out research with him from 1905 – 9.[5] By studying the effects of adding or subtracting tryptophan to the diet of mice, they established in 1906 that some amino acids were essential to diet and could not be substituted for others.[7][8] This research led to Hopkins' discovery of vitamins.[5]

Agricultural consultancy and later life

In 1909, Willcock married zoologist John Stanley Gardinar. They had two daughters and lived in Bredon House, which was built for them in 1914, and was later given to Wolfson College, Cambridge.[9]

During World War I, Edith worked as a local consultant for the British Ministry of Agriculture on the raising of rabbits and poultry, on which she wrote leaflets for distribution, and an advisor on the cultivation of oysters.[5]

After her marriage, Edith focused on her other interests, as a watercolour artist, singer, and children’s author.[10][11]

She died in Cambridge on 8 October 1953.[5]

Publications

  • (with W.B. Hardy) 'On the oxidizing action of the rays from radium bromide as shown by the decomposition of iodoform,' Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 71 (1903): 200–204[12]
  • 'Radium and animals,' Nature 69 (1903): 55[13]
  • 'The action of the rays from radium upon some simple forms of animal life,' Journal of Physiology 30:5–6 (1904): 449–454[14]
  • 'The action of radium rays on tyrosinase,' Journal of Physiology 34:3 (1906): 207–9[15]
  • 'The importance of individual amino-acids in metabolism,' Journal of Physiology 35:1–2 (1906): 88–102[16]
  • 'Crystalline egg-albumin,' Journal of Physiology 37:1 (1908): 27–36[17]

References

  1. ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. p. 1380. ISBN 978-1-135-96343-9.
  2. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (1998). Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-941901-27-7.
  3. ^ Creese, Mary R. S. (1991). "British Women of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Who Contributed to Research in the Chemical Sciences". The British Journal for the History of Science. 24 (3): 275–305. doi:10.1017/S0007087400027370. ISSN 0007-0874. JSTOR 4027231. PMID 11622943.
  4. ^ O'Connor, W. J. (1991). British Physiologists 1885-1914: A Biographical Dictionary. Manchester University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-7190-3282-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e Rayner-canham, Marelene; Rayner-canham, Geoff (2019-12-30). Pioneering British Women Chemists: Their Lives And Contributions. World Scientific. pp. 361–3. ISBN 978-1-78634-770-1.
  6. ^ Stephenson, M., 'Sir F.G. Hopkins' Teaching and Scientific Influence,' in J. Needham and E. Baldwin (eds.), Hopkins and Biochemistry (1949), pp. 29–38.
  7. ^ Fruton, Joseph Stewart (1990). Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences. American Philosophical Society. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-87169-191-0.
  8. ^ Zelitch, Israel (1990). Perspectives in Biochemical and Genetic Regulation of Photosynthesis. Wiley-Liss. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-471-56722-6.
  9. ^ "Wolfson College Cambridge: Bredon House". www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  10. ^ Marshall, Jill (2015-04-03). Women in Physics: A collection of reprints in honor of Melba Newell Phillips. American Association of Physics Teachers. ISBN 978-1-931024-20-4.
  11. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene F.; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2008). Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880-1949. Imperial College Press. pp. 314–6. ISBN 978-1-86094-987-6.
  12. ^ "On the oxidising action of the rays from radium bromide as shown by the decomposition of iodoform". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 72 (477–486): 200–204. 1904-01-31. doi:10.1098/rspl.1903.0039. ISSN 0370-1662.
  13. ^ Willcock, E. G. (1903). "Radium and Animals". Nature. 69 (1777): 55. Bibcode:1903Natur..69...55W. doi:10.1038/069055b0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  14. ^ Willcock, E. G. (1904). "The action of the rays from radium upon some simple forms of animal life". The Journal of Physiology. 30 (5–6): 449–454. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1904.sp001007. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1540680. PMID 16992714.
  15. ^ Willcock, E. G. (1906). "The action of radium rays on tyrosinase". The Journal of Physiology. 34 (3): 207–209. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001149. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1465769. PMID 16992822.
  16. ^ Willcock, Edith G.; Hopkins, F. Gowland (1906-12-29). "The importance of individual amino-acids in metabolism". The Journal of Physiology. 35 (1–2): 88–102. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1906.sp001181. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1465819. PMID 16992872.
  17. ^ Willcock, Edith G. (1908). "Crystalline egg-albumin". The Journal of Physiology. 37 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1908.sp001255. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1533538. PMID 16992915.