Eastern phoebe

Eastern phoebe
At Madison, Wisconsin
Song, recorded in Beltrami, MN
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Tyrannidae
Genus: Sayornis
Species:
S. phoebe
Binomial name
Sayornis phoebe
(Latham, 1790)
Approximate distribution map
  Breeding
  Migration
  Non-breeding

The eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) is a small passerine bird. The genus name Sayornis is constructed from the specific part of Charles Lucien Bonaparte's name for Say's phoebe, Muscicapa saya, and Ancient Greek ornis, "bird".[2] Phoebe is an alternative name for the Roman moon-goddess Diana, but it may also have been chosen to imitate the bird's call.[3]

Description

Measurements:[4]

  • Length: 5.5-6.7 in (14-17 cm)
  • Weight: 0.6-0.7 oz (16-21 g)
  • Wingspan: 10.2-11.0 in (26-28 cm)

This species appears remarkably big-headed, especially if it puffs up the small crest. Its plumage is gray-brown above. It has a white throat, dirty gray breast and buffish underparts which become whiter during the breeding season. Two indistinct buff bars are present on each wing. Its lack of an eye ring and wingbars, and its all dark bill distinguish it from other North American tyrant flycatchers, and it pumps its tail up and down like other phoebes when perching on a branch. The eastern phoebe's call is a sharp chip, and the song, from which it gets its name, is fee-bee.

The eastern wood pewee (Contopus virens) is extremely similar in appearance. It lacks the buff hue usually present on the lighter parts of the eastern phoebe's plumage, and thus has always clearly defined and contrasting wing-bars. It also does not bob its tail habitually, and appears on the breeding grounds much later though it leaves for winter quarters at about the same time as the eastern phoebe.[5]

It often nests on human structures such as bridges and buildings. Nesting activity may start as early as the first days of April.[6] The nest is an open cup with a mud base and lined with moss and grass, built in crevice in a rock or man-made site; two to six eggs are laid. Both parents feed the young and usually raise two broods per year. The eastern phoebe is occasionally host to the nest-parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater).

Habitat

Eastern phoebes are highly adaptable to urban environments. They are primarily found in wooded areas, particularly streamsides, and farmlands. Eastern phoebes tend to avoid open areas and choose spots beneath trees, brushy areas or overhangs. However, during migration in winters or in breeding season they are frequently seen around the edges of woods and other areas where water sources are abundant.[7]

Breeding

The eastern phoebe breeds in eastern North America excluding the southeastern coastal United States. The breeding habitat is open woodland, farmland and suburbs, often near water. This phoebe is insectivorous, and often perches conspicuously when seeking food items. It also eats fruits and berries in cooler weather.

Diet

Insects make up a great majority of its summer diet; included are many small wasps, bees, beetles, flies, true bugs, and grasshoppers. It also eats some spiders, ticks, and millipedes. Small fruits and berries are eaten often during the cooler months.[8]

Migration

It is migratory, wintering in the southernmost United States and Central America. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. This is one of the first birds to return to the breeding grounds in spring and one of the last to leave in the fall. They arrive for breeding in mid-late March, but they return to winter quarters around the same time when other migrant songbirds do, in September and early October; migration times have stayed the same in the last 100 years.[6][5] The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated a western range expansion of the eastern phoebe[9] as well as range expansions of many other species of birds.[10][11][12]

In literature

Phoebes appear in the poem "The Need of Being Versed in Country Things", published in 1923 by Robert Frost. The poem describes phoebes nesting inside a barn on a farm abandoned after the farmhouse burned to the ground. The poem ends "One had to be versed in country things/Not to believe the phoebes wept".

They also appear in the Mary Oliver poem "The Messenger".

  • In Wisconsin
    In Wisconsin
  • Taken at Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area, Quebec
    Taken at Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area, Quebec
  • At Ripon, Quebec
  • Moss-lined nest containing five white eggs
    Moss-lined nest containing five white eggs
  • Nest with one brown-headed cowbird egg
    Nest with one brown-headed cowbird egg
  • Immature birds in a nest, Norman, Oklahoma
    Immature birds in a nest, Norman, Oklahoma
  • Older fledglings in nest
    Older fledglings in nest
  • Front view
    Front view
  • Phoebe eating various invertebrates
    Phoebe eating various invertebrates
  • Phoebe eating a wasp
    Phoebe eating a wasp
  • An eastern phoebe sits on a branch high up in a tree
    An eastern phoebe sits on a branch high up in a tree
  • Adult removing fecal sac of a fledgling
    Adult removing fecal sac of a fledgling
  • Fledglings fed by parents

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Sayornis phoebe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22699886A93753946. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699886A93753946.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 349. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  3. ^ "Phoebe". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  4. ^ "Eastern Phoebe Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  5. ^ a b Ohio Ornithological Society (2004): Annotated Ohio state checklist Archived July 18, 2004, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ a b Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bull. 18 (2): 47–60.
  7. ^ "Eastern Phoebe: Description, Pictures, & Fun Facts". 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
  8. ^ "Eastern Phoebe | Audubon Field Guide". Audubon. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  9. ^ Weeks HP. 1994. Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), no. 94. In: A. Poole (ed.). The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.
  10. ^ Livezey KB. 2009a. Range expansion of Barred Owls, part I: chronology and distribution. American Midland Naturalist 161:49–56.
  11. ^ Livezey KB. 2009b. Range expansion of Barred Owls, part 2: facilitating ecological changes. American Midland Naturalist 161:323–349.
  12. ^ Livezey, Kent B. (December 2010). "Killing Barred Owls to Help Spotted Owls II: Implications for Many Other Range-Expanding Species". Northwestern Naturalist. 91 (3): 251–270. doi:10.1898/nwn09-38.1. ISSN 1051-1733. S2CID 85425945.
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