Discalis

This article is about the genus. For other taxonomic uses, see List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.

Discalis
Temporal range: Early Devonian
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Lycophytes
Plesion: †Zosterophylls (?)
Genus: †Discalis
S.G.Hao (1989)[1]
Species

†D. longistipa S.G.Hao (1989)[1]

Discalis is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian or Siegenian stage, around 411 to 408 million years ago). The name is derived from the Greek δίσκος, referring to the disc-shaped sporangia (spore-forming organs). The genus was first described by Hao in 1989 based on fossil specimens from the Posongchong Formation, Wenshan district, Yunnan, China.[2][3][4]

Description

The leafless sporophyte of D. longistipa consisted of creeping stems (axes) up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) in diameter with many K- or H-shaped branches as well as upturned or trailing stems, slightly smaller in diameter, which also branched. All stems had irregularly arranged multicellular spines up to 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in) long with expanded tips. The stems which did not bear sporangia had coiled (circinnate) tips. Fertile stems bore disc-shaped sporangia laterally on stalks up to 5 mm long, forming open spikes. The sporangia, which were about 3.7 millimetres (0.15 in) in diameter, had spines like the stems, and split (dehisced) along their margin to release the trilete spores, which were 30–50 micrometres (0.0012–0.0020 in) in diameter. Vascular tissue was present in the stems, with tracheids having annular, spiral thickenings.[1][2]

D. longistipa somewhat resembles Sawdonia, but differs in branching pattern and in the arrangement of the sporangia, including their long stalks.[1]

Phylogeny

The evolutionary relationship between spines in early plants and the small leaves ('lycophylls') of later lycopsids (club-mosses and allies) has been much discussed. Hao considered that the spines of Discalis could be precursors of lycophylls.[5] Boyce regarded the occurrence of the spines of Discalis on sporangia as evidence that they were not related to lycophylls in this way.[3]

A cladogram published in 2004 by Crane et al. places Discalis in a paraphyletic stem group of broadly defined "zosterophylls", basal to the lycopsids (living and extinct clubmosses and relatives).[4]

lycophytes
       

† Hicklingia

 †basal groups 

Adoketophyton, Discalis, Distichophytum (=Rebuchia), Gumuia, Huia, Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Z. llanoveranum, Z. fertile

 †'core' zosterophylls 

Zosterophyllum divaricatum, Tarella, Oricilla, Gosslingia, Hsua, Thrinkophyton, Protobarinophyton, Barinophyton obscurum, B. citrulliforme, Sawdonia, Deheubarthia, Konioria, Anisophyton, Serrulacaulis, Crenaticaulis

 †basal groups 

Nothia, Zosterophyllum deciduum

 lycopsids 

extant and extinct members

Hao and Xue in 2013 used the absence of terminal sporangia to place the genus in the paraphyletic order Gosslingiales, in the family Discaliaceae. The Gosslingiales are considered to be zosterophylls with indeterminate growth and fertile branches generally showing circinate vernation (initially curled up).[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hao, Shou-Gang (1989), "A new zosterophyll from the Lower Denovian (Siegenian) of Yunnan, China", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 57 (3–4): 155–171, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(89)90018-3
  2. ^ a b Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009), Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8, p. 254
  3. ^ a b Boyce, C.K. (2005), "The evolutionary history of roots and leaves", in Holbrook, N.M. & Zwieniecki, M.A. (eds.), Vascular Transport in Plants, Burlington: Academic Press, pp. 479–499, doi:10.1016/B978-012088457-5/50025-3, ISBN 978-0-12-088457-5, retrieved 2011-02-06, p. 491
  4. ^ a b Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny", American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1683–99, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683, PMID 21652317
  5. ^ Hao 1989, pp. 169–170
  6. ^ Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013), The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants, Beijing: Science Press, pp. 52–54, ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0, retrieved 2019-10-25