|
Directorial system
 Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch Parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president Presidential system: Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature Presidential republic Hybrid systems: Semi-presidential republic: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature Assembly-independent republic: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it Other systems: Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power Absolute monarchy: Monarch has unlimited power One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended Provisional government: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime Dependent territories or places without governments Note: this chart represents the de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy. A directorial system is a regime ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. Current directorial systems
Directorial republic in SwitzerlandOne country now using this form of government is Switzerland,[1] and to a lesser extent San Marino, where directories rule all levels of administration, federal, cantonal and municipal. On the face of it, the Swiss Federal Council might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state and simultaneously the federal cabinet. The current president of the confederation is in fact only a primus inter pares (first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues.[2] The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters.[3] HistoryIn political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially in First Stadtholderless Period of Dutch Republic (1650–1672), Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and the Directory of 1795–1799 in France.[4] The French Directory was inspired by the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the president in fact only primus inter pares (first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Directorial systems have a lower presidentialism metric value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.[5] Military juntas differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing sortition to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system. Former directorial systemsIn the past, countries with elected directories include:
See also
References
|
