Deltaretrovirus

Deltaretrovirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Pararnavirae
Phylum: Artverviricota
Class: Revtraviricetes
Order: Ortervirales
Family: Retroviridae
Subfamily: Orthoretrovirinae
Genus: Deltaretrovirus
Species

Deltaretrovirus is a genus of the Retroviridae family. It consists of exogenous horizontally transmitted viruses found in several groups of mammals. As of 2023, ICTV lists under this genus the Bovine leukemia virus and three species of primate T-lymphotropic virus.

The genus of viruses is known for its propensity to target immune cells and oncogenicity, evident in the names of the four named species.[1] Infection is usually asymptomatic, but inflammation and cancer can develop over time.[2]

Classification

Four species are recognized by the ICTV as of 2023:

Two additional PTLVs are known but not recognized: HTLV-4 (South Cameroon, 2005) and STLV-5 (Mac B43 strain, highly divergent PTLV-1).[3]

In addition, eight endogenous retroviruses identified as Deltaretrovirus are known as of 2019. Two of these were complete enough to show ORFs; the rest only showing long terminal repeats.[1]

Hosts

Known exogenous deltaretroviruses infect cattle and primates.[1]

The two complete endogenous ones were found in bats and dolphins; the others in Solenodon, mongoose, and fossa. These endogenous examples fill in the large gap in the host range.[1]

Clinical relevance

Main article: Human T-lymphotropic virus

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hron, T; Elleder, D; Gifford, RJ (27 November 2019). "Deltaretroviruses have circulated since at least the Paleogene and infected a broad range of mammalian species". Retrovirology. 16 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s12977-019-0495-9. PMC 6882180. PMID 31775783.
  2. ^ Farkašová, H; Hron, T; Pačes, J; Hulva, P; Benda, P; Gifford, RJ; Elleder, D (21 March 2017). "Discovery of an endogenous Deltaretrovirus in the genome of long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (12): 3145–3150. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.3145F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1621224114. PMC 5373376. PMID 28280099.
  3. ^ Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (July 2011). "HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery, epidemiology, serology and molecular aspects". Viruses. 3 (7): 1074–90. doi:10.3390/v3071074. PMC 3185789. PMID 21994771.


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