DCI-P3

DCI-P3
SMPTE EG 432-1:2010; SMPTE RP 431-2:2011; SMPTE ST 2113:2018;
	The CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram showing the P3 gamut, and the gamuts of some other common RGB color spaces. The corners of the green triangle are the primary colors of the P3 color space. The white points shown here are Illuminant D65 which is used for Display P3, and CCT 6300 K which is used with DCI-P3.
Abbreviation	P3
Status	Published
Organization	DCI; SMPTE;
Authors	DCI
Base standards	RGB
Related standards	sRGB, BT.2020, DCDM
Domain	Color space, color model

DCI-P3 is a color space defined in 2005 as part of the Digital Cinema Initiative, for use in theatrical digital motion picture distribution^[1] (DCDM^[2]). Display P3 is a variant developed by Apple Inc. for wide-gamut displays.

History

Development of the standard

In 2005, Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC in Hollywood, California released the Digital Cinema System Specification version 1.0,^[3] which defined the colorimetry of what would become known as the DCI-P3 color space.

According to section 8.3.4 in the specification, the blue primary color is the same as Rec. 709, sRGB, and Adobe RGB, with a dominant wavelength of 464.2 nm. The red primary is a deeper red than sRGB and Adobe RGB, as it emits a longer dominant wavelength at 614.9 nm. The red primary is also farther from the white point (in terms of CIE spaces such as Lsh_uv) implying it is more saturated than the red-orange primary of sRGB.

The most significant difference is the green primary, which is much closer to the spectral locus than either sRGB or Adobe RGB. DCI-P3's green primary has a dominant wavelength of 544.2 nm. Adobe RGB's green primary is more blueish with a dominant wavelength of 534.7 nm. sRGB's green primary is more yellowish at 549.1 nm.

DCI-P3 covers 53.6%^[4] of the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram (see inset image), which describes the color gamut of daylight human vision (Photopic vision) as determined experimentally in the 1920s. In that study, participants visually matched a mixture of red, green, and blue "primary" lights to specific, pure monochromatic colored lights. This defined the spectral locus, which is the outer rim of the diagram, and the maximum extent of human color vision.

A smaller, practical gamut for comparison is the Pointer's gamut, which consists of diffusely reflecting surface colors. DCI-P3 covers 86.9% of Pointer's gamut,^[5] while in comparison, Rec. 709/sRGB only covers 69.4%.

While DCI-P3 was developed by the Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) organization, many of the relevant technical standards are published by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) such as SMPTE EG 432-1 and SMPTE RP 431-2.^[6] On November 10, 2010, SMPTE published SMPTE EG 432-1:2010, which includes a variant of the color space using a D65 white point (about 6503.51 K) instead of the ~6300 K white point of DCI-P3.^[7] On April 6, 2011, SMPTE published SMPTE RP 431-2:2011 which defines the reference viewing environment.^[8]

DCI-P3 colors are supported in CSS level 4^[9] on Safari since 2017 (version 10.1) and Google Chrome since March 2023 (version 111) browsers.^[10]

Display technology

Initially, DCI-P3 was available with theatrical xenon-arc projection systems. This emerging technology presented challenges for filmmakers working with digital media on desktop workstations—that is, how to accurately view the colorspace of the theatrical viewing environment during the production and post production process.

In 2008,^[11] HP released the first "HP DreamColor" monitor^[12]^[13] which could display 97% of DCI-P3 color space.
In 2014, Eizo introduced the first professional 4K monitor with support of the P3 color space.
In 2015, Apple's iMac desktop became the first consumer computer with a built-in wide-gamut display, supporting the P3 color space. Apple's implementation, known as Display P3, uses a D65 white point, and uses the sRGB tone reproduction curve (sometimes referred to as gamma).
In 2016, the UHD Alliance announced their specifications for Ultra HD Premium which requires devices to display at least 90% of the DCI-P3 color space (in area, not volume).^[14]^[15]
Also in 2016, Apple, Samsung, and Microsoft released mobile and desktop devices with P3 support.^{[citation needed]}

P3 colorimetry

RGB color space parameters^[5]^[16]^{[notes 1]}
Color space	TRC	White point		CCT	Primary colors
Color space	TRC	x	y	K	R_x	R_y	G_x	G_y	B_x	B_y
DCI-P3 (Theatrical)	γ 2.6	0.314	0.351	~6300	0.680	0.320	0.265	0.690	0.150	0.060
DCI-P3 "D60 sim"	γ 2.6	0.32168	0.33767	~6000
Display P3 (D65)	sRGB	0.3127	0.3290	6504
P3-D65 (HDR)	PQ	0.3127	0.3290	6504
Canon DCI-P3+	User	0.314	0.351	~6300	0.740	0.270	0.220	0.780	0.090	-0.090

DCI P3

Created by the Digital Cinema Initiative, DCI-P3 is designed for viewing in a fully darkened theater environment. The projection system uses a simple 2.6 gamma curve, the nominal white luminance is 48 cd/m² (14ftL), and the white point is based on a projector with a xenon bulb, for a correlated color temperature (CCT) of ~6300 K. It is incorrect to refer to this as "D63" as this white point is not a CIE standard illuminant, and is not on the Planckian locus. Instead, the white point is slightly greener. This resulted from optimizing for best light output with the xenon arc lamp projectors commonly used in theaters.^[7]

DCI-P3 "D60 sim"

When mastering content utilizing a display or projector in P3 color space, users have the option of using an output transform to DCI-P3 D60-sim which matches the nominal white point of the ACES color spaces.

Display P3

Apple Inc developed displays using the P3 primaries, and the corresponding Display P3 color space.^[17]^[18] While it uses standard P3 RGB primaries, the white point is D65 instead of the DCI ~6300 K white point. The D65 white point is the existing standard for common sRGB and devices (Adobe RGB also uses D65). Display P3 uses the sRGB transfer curve, which is approximately equivalent to a gamma of 2.2.^[19] Display P3's gamut is approximately 50% larger than sRGB in volume and 25% in surface.^[20]

Since iPhone 7, the built in camera creates images tagged with the Display P3 ICC profile.

P3-D65 for HDR

Some Netflix HDR deliverables use P3-D65 in conjunction with the PQ transfer curve.^[21]^[22]

DCI-P3+

Canon created an expanded gamut color space they call DCI-P3+ using the same ~6300 K white point as DCI-P3. Otherwise, P3+ has no relation to DCI-P3 nor the Digital Cinema Initiative. Unlike the DCI-P3 color space, which defines an actual display technology, Canon's DCI-P3+ color space uses imaginary primaries which cannot be realized by any physical display technology.^[23]

Criticism

Because the P3 gamut is larger than sRGB, designs created for P3, but presented on an sRGB display without the use of color management, tend to appear duller or less saturated.^[24] Apple suggests creating a separate set of image or color elements for each color space, sRGB and Display-P3, adding to complexity.

Accessibility issues

Because the P3 red primary emits a longer wavelength (i.e. a deeper red) than sRGB, individuals with some forms of color vision deficiency (aka colorblind) will see colors involving red as even darker than on sRGB. The creates an accessibility issue for instance for red, purple, or orange text against black.

References

^ "Color spaces". Technicolor SA. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ "Digital Cinema Initiative Distribution Master (DCDM), Version 1.0". www.loc.gov. 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
^ Digital Cinema System Specification V1.0 (PDF). Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC. 2005.
^ "Digital Cinema Faces a Bright Future".
^ ^a ^b Kid Jansen (2014-02-19). "The Pointer's Gamut". tftcentral. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
^ The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 2011, New York: RP 431-2, D-Cinema Quality – Reference Projector and Environment for the Display of DCDM in Review Rooms and Theaters
^ ^a ^b "EG 432-1:2010 - Digital Source Processing — Color Processing for D-Cinema". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2010-11-10. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.EG432-1.2010. ISBN 978-1-61482-039-0.
^ "RP 431-2:2011 - D-Cinema Quality — Reference Projector and Environment". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2011-04-06. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.RP431-2.2011. ISBN 978-1-61482-243-1.
^ "Wide Gamut Color in CSS with Display-P3". March 2, 2020.
^ "CSS color() function". Can I use...
^ "HP DreamColor LP2480zx". Studio Daily. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
^ "Two days with HP and DreamWorks". JusTech'n. 2008-06-10. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
^ "HP, DreamWorks Preview Breakthrough Color Display Technology | CreativePro Network". 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
^ "UHD Alliance Defines Premium Home Entertainment Experience". Business Wire. 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
^ Andy Vandervell (2016-01-06). "What is Ultra HD Premium? New HDR standard explained". TrustedReviews. Time Inc. UK. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
^ Rajan Joshi; Shan Liu; Gary Sullivan; Gerhard Tech; Ye-Kui Wang; Jizheng Xu; Yan Ye (2016-01-31). "HEVC Screen Content Coding Draft Text 5". JCT-VC. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
^ "The Wide Gamut World of Color — iMac Edition". www.astramael.com. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
^ "Apple Developer Documentation". developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
^ "displayP3 - CGColorSpace". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
^ Dean Jackson (2016-07-01). "Improving Color on the Web". WebKit. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
^ "Netflix Full Licensed Technical Specification v9.1". Netflix Partner Help Site. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ "Netflix Talks Dolby Vision and HDR10". Streaming Media Magazine. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ "PUB DIM-1102-000" (PDF). Canon.com. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
^ "Why do my Flutter screens look washed out?". ente. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

Notes

^ Confusion has been created in the field by referring to the SMPTE Reference Projector minimum gamut primaries as “DCI P3” primaries. DCI specifies a minimum gamut but does not specify working space primaries; the color space of a DCDM is XYZ, the encoding space is X’Y’Z’. See: SMPTE Digital Cinema White Gamut Practices - Study Group Report By Rod Bogart and Rick Sayre

[Technicolor-1] "Color spaces". Technicolor SA. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-01.

[2] "Digital Cinema Initiative Distribution Master (DCDM), Version 1.0". www.loc.gov. 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-11-21.

[3] Digital Cinema System Specification V1.0 (PDF). Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC. 2005.

[4] "Digital Cinema Faces a Bright Future".

[tftcentral-5] Kid Jansen (2014-02-19). "The Pointer's Gamut". tftcentral. Retrieved 2018-12-13.

[SMPTE_RP_431-2-6] The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 2011, New York: RP 431-2, D-Cinema Quality – Reference Projector and Environment for the Display of DCDM in Review Rooms and Theaters

[432SMPTENovember2010IEEE-7] "EG 432-1:2010 - Digital Source Processing — Color Processing for D-Cinema". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2010-11-10. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.EG432-1.2010. ISBN 978-1-61482-039-0.

[431SMPTEApril2011IEEE-8] "RP 431-2:2011 - D-Cinema Quality — Reference Projector and Environment". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2011-04-06. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.RP431-2.2011. ISBN 978-1-61482-243-1.

[9] "Wide Gamut Color in CSS with Display-P3". March 2, 2020.

[10] "CSS color() function". Can I use...

[11] "HP DreamColor LP2480zx". Studio Daily. 2008-07-01. Retrieved 2021-07-02.

[12] "Two days with HP and DreamWorks". JusTech'n. 2008-06-10. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.

[13] "HP, DreamWorks Preview Breakthrough Color Display Technology | CreativePro Network". 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2021-07-02.

[UHDAllianceJanuary2016Business-14] "UHD Alliance Defines Premium Home Entertainment Experience". Business Wire. 2016-01-04. Retrieved 2016-02-01.

[15] Andy Vandervell (2016-01-06). "What is Ultra HD Premium? New HDR standard explained". TrustedReviews. Time Inc. UK. Retrieved 2016-09-19.

[HEVCOctober2015V1005-16] Rajan Joshi; Shan Liu; Gary Sullivan; Gerhard Tech; Ye-Kui Wang; Jizheng Xu; Yan Ye (2016-01-31). "HEVC Screen Content Coding Draft Text 5". JCT-VC. Retrieved 2016-01-31.

[18] "The Wide Gamut World of Color — iMac Edition". www.astramael.com. Retrieved 2022-01-22.

[19] "Apple Developer Documentation". developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2022-01-25.

[20] "displayP3 - CGColorSpace". Apple Developer Documentation. Retrieved 2017-08-18.

[21] Dean Jackson (2016-07-01). "Improving Color on the Web". WebKit. Retrieved 2016-09-19.

[22] "Netflix Full Licensed Technical Specification v9.1". Netflix Partner Help Site. Retrieved 2021-03-25.

[23] "Netflix Talks Dolby Vision and HDR10". Streaming Media Magazine. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2021.

[24] "PUB DIM-1102-000" (PDF). Canon.com. Retrieved 2024-07-19.

[25] "Why do my Flutter screens look washed out?". ente. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

[note1-17] Confusion has been created in the field by referring to the SMPTE Reference Projector minimum gamut primaries as “DCI P3” primaries. DCI specifies a minimum gamut but does not specify working space primaries; the color space of a DCDM is XYZ, the encoding space is X’Y’Z’. See: SMPTE Digital Cinema White Gamut Practices - Study Group Report By Rod Bogart and Rick Sayre

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[notes 1]

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DCI-P3

History

Development of the standard

Display technology

P3 colorimetry

DCI P3

DCI-P3 "D60 sim"

Display P3

P3-D65 for HDR

DCI-P3+

Criticism

Accessibility issues

References

Notes

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