Colubraria reticulata var. profundorum Ardovini, 2014 (unavailable name: established as a variety after 1960)
Colubraria reticulata var. spongiarum (Kobelt, 1901)
Cumia decussata Bivona-Bernardi, 1838
Epidromus reticulatus (Blainville, 1829)
Epidromus reticulatus var. albina Monterosato, 1880
Epidromus reticulatus var. atra Monterosato, 1880
Epidromus reticulatus var. fasciata Monterosato, 1880
Epidromus reticulatus var. fulva Monterosato, 1880
Epidromus reticulatus var. minor Monterosato, 1880
Epidromus reticulatus var. nivea Monterosato, 1880
Epidromus reticulatus var. spongiarum Kobelt, 1901
Fusus intertextus (Helbling, 1779)
Murex (Fusus) intertextus Helbling, 1779
Murex calfius Brusina, 1870
Triton mediterraneum Sowerby G.B. II, 1833
Triton reticulatum Blainville 1829
Triton turricolatum Deshayes, 1835
Tritonium bonanni Delle Chiaje, 1830
Cumia reticulata,[1] common name the false triton, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropodmollusk in the family Colubrariidae. In this family, there are at least 6 species that are known to feed on blood. The trait of feeding on blood is likely shared by the entire family.
It is commonly known as the vampire snail because it feeds on the blood of fish when they are asleep. Colubraria reticulata are commonly found in rocky and coral environments that are tropical or subtropical and temperate seas.[2] They are found in the benthic zone, which is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water.
Description
Members of the Neogastropoda are mostly gonochoric and broadcast spawners. The lifecycle of these snails start off as embryos that develop into planktonic trochophore larvae. After the larval stage, they evolve into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults. The length of the shell varies between 10 mm and 64 mm.
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Distribution
The type locality is Sicily. It also occurs off West Africa. They are also located in the Southwest Mediterranean Sea and are not considered as widely dispersed species.
Feeding habits
The vampire snail feeds at night when fishes are asleep. Their modified mouthpart can slice flesh like tiny scalpels. At the end of their mouth is a mounted proboscis. These snails possess a long thin proboscis to feed on the blood of fish. Once contact is made between the proboscis and the skin of the fish, the proboscis extends its length to gain access to the blood vessel.[2] Their proboscis can stretch 3 times its body length and allows them to bypass many fishes defenses to blood sucking. An example would be the Parrot fish's mucus sleeping bag.
Secretion of Bioactive Molecules
Upon contact with the skin, anesthetic is secreted to numb the area. Colubraria reticulata secretes chemicals that disrupts the process of blood clotting and wound healing. Common anesthetics from protein families ShK, Turripeptide, ADA, and CAP-ShK were found to be present during hematophagy. In addition, anticoagulants such as PS1, Meprin, and Kunitz were also present to prevent blood clotting. The anticoagulants are active until the blood is fully digested. These snails have secondary glands in the oesophagus that secrete proteins to keep the blood liquified in their guts. Furthermore, vasopressors were found and because the proboscis is thin, it is hypothesized for vasopressors to increase blood pressure to allow maximization of blood income and feeding time.[2] This is significant because the snail's proboscis is not very muscular so without vasopressors, they cannot suck blood efficiently.
Turritoxin which is unique to the vampire snail, is also produced by coneshell. Although the function of turritoxin is specifically unknown to the vampire snail, scientists have looked towards coneshell and hypothesized that the use of turritoxin is of the same manner.[2]
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213
Bernard, P.A. (Ed.) (1984). Coquillages du Gabon [Shells of Gabon]. Pierre A. Bernard: Libreville, Gabon. 140, 75 plates pp.
Ardovini R. (2014) Istituzione di una nuova varietà appartenente alla famiglia Colubrariidae Dall, 1904 nel Mediterraneo e revisione sistematica. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 82: 6-8
Leung, T. (1970, January 1). Colubraria reticulata. Retrieved from http://dailyparasite.blogspot.com/2015/11/colubraria-reticulata.html
Modica, M. V., Lombardo, F., Franchini, P., & Oliverio, M. (2015). The venomous cocktail of the vampire snail Colubraria reticulata (Mollusca, Gastropoda). BMC Genomics, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1648-4
Sealifebase.ca. (2019). Cumia reticulata. [online] Available at: https://www.sealifebase.ca/summary/Cumia-reticulata.html
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