Let I be an ideal of a fixed infinite set X, containing all finite subsets of X. We define the following "cardinal coefficients" of I:
The "additivity" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is not in I any more. As any ideal is closed under finite unions, this number is always at least ; if I is a σ-ideal, then add(I) ≥ .
The "covering number" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is all of X. As X itself is not in I, we must have add(I) ≤ cov(I).
The "uniformity number" of I (sometimes also written ) is the size of the smallest set not in I. By our assumption on I, add(I) ≤ non(I).
The "cofinality" of I is the cofinality of the partial order (I, ⊆). It is easy to see that we must have non(I) ≤ cof(I) and cov(I) ≤ cof(I).
where "" means: "there are infinitely many natural numbers n such that …", and "" means "for all except finitely many natural numbers n we have …".
Diagram
Let be the σ-ideal of those subsets of the real line that are meager (or "of the first category") in the euclidean topology, and let
be the σ-ideal of those subsets of the real line that are of Lebesgue measure zero. Then the following inequalities hold:
Where an arrow from to is to mean that . In addition, the following relations hold:
It turns out that the inequalities described by the diagram, together with the relations mentioned above, are all the relations between these cardinals that are provable in ZFC, in the following limited sense. Let A be any assignment of the cardinals and to the 10 cardinals in Cichoń's diagram. Then if A is consistent with the diagram's relations, and if A also satisfies the two additional relations, then A can be realized in some model of ZFC.
For larger continuum sizes, the situation is less clear. It is consistent with ZFC that all of the Cichoń's diagram cardinals are simultaneously different apart from and (which are equal to other entries).[2][3][4]
Some inequalities in the diagram (such as "add ≤ cov") follow immediately from the definitions. The inequalities and
are classical theorems
and follow from the fact that the real line can be partitioned into a meager set and a set of measure zero.
The continuum hypothesis, of being equal to , would make all of these relations equalities.
Martin's axiom, a weakening of the continuum hypothesis, implies that all cardinals in the diagram (except perhaps ) are equal to .
Similar diagrams can be drawn for cardinal characteristics of higher cardinals for strongly inaccessible, which assort various cardinals between and .[6]