Somerby, Ronald E.; Thomas, Donald B.; Triplehorn, Charles A. (2002). "Family 106: Tenebrionidae". In Arnett, Ross H. Jr.; Thomas, Michael C.; Skelley, Paul E.; Frank, J. Howard (eds.). American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press. pp. 463–509. ISBN978-0-8493-0954-0.