Catherine Howard, Countess of Suffolk

Katherine Knyvett, Countess of Suffolk – Miniature by Nicholas Hilliard
"Catherine Rich" redirects here. For the French actress, see Catherine Rich (actress).

Katherine Howard, Countess of Suffolk (née Knyvet/Knyvett; 1564–1638)[1] was an English court office holder who served as lady-in-waiting to the queen consort of England, Anne of Denmark.

Private life

She was born in Charlton Park, Wiltshire, the oldest child of Sir Henry Knyvet (or Knyvett) and his wife, Elizabeth Stumpe.[2] Her uncle was Sir Thomas Knyvet (or Knyvett), who foiled the "Gunpowder Plot".

Charlton Park, Malmesbury, Wiltshire

Early in her life, she married Richard Rich, son of Robert Rich, 2nd Baron Rich, and grandson of Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich. After his death in 1580, she married Sir Thomas Howard, who, twenty years later, was named the Earl of Suffolk.

On the death of her father in 1598, she inherited Charlton Park, Wiltshire, which thereafter became the seat of the Earls of Suffolk.[3]

Courtier

Howard gained a place in Queen Elizabeth's bedchamber and the title of Keeper of the Jewels in 1599. She continued to hold comparable positions after the Union of the Crowns in the reign of James VI and I. On 8 June 1603, she received some of Elizabeth's jewels from the Tower of London for Anne of Denmark.[4] Howard became a lady of drawing chamber to Anne of Denmark, and keeper of her jewels until 1608.[5][6]

Lady Anne Clifford wrote that the Countess of Suffolk, the young Lady Derby, and Audrey Walsingham were at Dingley, among the courtiers greeting Anne of Denmark on 23 June. Clifford said these three were great favourites of the statesman Sir Robert Cecil.[7] According to Arbella Stuart, Anne of Denmark asked the Countess of Suffolk and Audrey Walsingham to select some of Elizabeth's old clothes from a store in the Tower of London for a masque in January 1604, The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses.[8][9][10] Anne of Denmark appeared as Pallas, flanked by Lady Rich as Venus and the Countess of Suffolk as Juno.[11]

Spanish gifts

Satirists alleged that Spanish diplomatic gifts funded the building of Audley End

When the Spanish ambassador Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías came to London to sign a peace treaty, Anne of Denmark and the Countess observed his arrival at Somerset House from a barge on the Thames on 14 August 1604.[12] The barge carried no insignia and they wore black masks.[13][14][15]

The ambassador, known as the Constable of Castile, gave gifts to several English courtiers.[16] The Countess of Suffolk told the resident ambassador Juan de Tassis, 1st Count of Villamediana that she deserved jewels, cash, and a pension for her services.[17] Spanish agents discussed the possibility of "liberty of conscience" with her, a plan that Catholics might be allowed to worship in private in Protestant England.[18][19]

The Countess of Suffolk received a pension from Spain.[20] Spanish diplomats referred to her and her pension by an alias or codename, successively using Roldán, Príamo, and Amadís.[21] The English ambassador in Madrid Sir John Digby uncovered details of some payments and kept King James informed.[22]

According to the 1650 satirical history The Court and Character of King James, the Countess received gifts of great value and Spanish bounty payments that contributed to the costs of building Audley End. The author, possibly Anthony Weldon, also asserts that she benefitted as a "double sharer" as a mistress or close associate of Sir Robert Cecil, Secretary of State.[23]

Life at court

Howard danced in another of Anne of Denmark's masques, The Masque of Blackness written by Ben Jonson.[24] Anne of Denmark wanted the actors to look African so the actors painted their faces black.[25] In 1611, the poet Emilia Lanier chose to make her one of dedicatees of her poem Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum.[26][27]

She was granted authority over the lodgings at Greenwich Palace where Anne gave birth to the Princess Sophia in 1606. She was in such a position of high esteem within the court, she would have been given the honour of being a godmother if the child had not perished.

Howard strove successfully to gain rank in court but proved to be corrupt. She served as a liaison between Spain and the Earl of Salisbury, and demanded bribes for doing so. Her husband Thomas Howard was appointed Lord Treasurer, which allowed her more opportunity for financial gain. She was beautiful in her younger years, and during her time at court had many suitors and a string of alleged love affairs, using the position her husband achieved in the government to extort kickbacks from her lovers.

Northampton House

The Countess of Suffolk's daughter Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset

When the Earl of Northampton died in 1614, the Suffolks inherited Northampton House on London's Strand.[28] The Countess of Suffolk paid £5000 for the furnishings, detailed in a surviving inventory.[29][30] She raised the money with the royal favourite, the Earl of Somerset, who was married to her daughter Frances. A loan for a part of the sum secured improperly on crown money by Sir Arthur Ingram.[31]

As the Thomas Overbury scandal was revealed in November 1615, King James commanded that the Countess of Suffolk leave London for the country at Audley End.[32] In March 1616, she made plans to visit Spa in Belgium, a health resort.[33]

Lady Anne Clifford mentions visiting the Suffolks at Northampton House in December 1616.[34] There, in 1619, at the age of 55, Catherine, Countess of Suffolk was the victim of an attack of smallpox. According to Lady Anne Clifford, this "spoiled that good face of hers, which had brought to other much misery and to herself greatness which ended with much unhappiness".[35]

Star Chamber trial

Details of corrupt practices came out in the Suffolk's Star Chamber trial in February 1619. The main charges against the Earl were embezzling royal jewels, diverting money provided for artillery, exporting artillery, abuse in the alum works, and misuse of crown money. Sir John Bingley was their broker for the "misemployment of the King's treasure".[36]

The Suffolks claimed to have received perks and gifts, rather than bribes, but the judge Francis Bacon said "New Year's gifts do not last all the year".[37] Sir John Finet alleged "to be spared a bond of £500, a citizen gave £83 and a sable muff to the countess".[38] It was alleged that the Countess obtained a rake-off from money owed to the silkman Benjamin Henshawe for supplies to the royal wardrobe. Henshawe was Bingley's brother-in-law.[39]

The Suffolks were found guilty of corrupt practices, and the Countess and her family were banned from court.[40] They faced heavy fines and imprisonment at the Tower of London.[41] The couple were released late in 1619, partly due to the intercession of the Duke of Buckingham.[42]

Peers generally sympathised with the Earl for being caught in her web of corruption, and she endured the brunt of the blame for their fall from grace. After being expelled from court, she continued to write letters on behalf of others seeking court positions.

Portrait at Gorhambury

Katherine Knyvett, Countess of Suffolk by Paul van Somer

Her portrait by Paul van Somer shows her dressed in a silver satin gown embroidered with emblems and insects using spangles or oes. It has been suggested the embroidered motifs derive from Henry Peacham's Minerva Brittana.[43] Thomas Pennant wrote in his 1782 Journey from Chester to London of her portrait, then at Gorhambury House, Hertfordshire:

In the room is a fine full-length of the countess of Suffolk, daughter of Sir Henry Knevit, and wife to the lord treasurer. She is dressed in white, and in a great ruff; her breasts much exposed: her waist short and swelling; for she was extremely prolific. This lady had unhappily a great ascendancy over her husband, and was extremely rapacious. She made use of his exalted situation to indulge her avarice, and took bribes from all quarters. Sir Francis Bacon, in his speech in the star-chamber against her husband, wittily compares her to an exchange-woman, who kept her shop, while Sir John Bingley, a teller of the Exchequer, and a tool of her's, cried What d'ye lack? Her beauty was remarkable, and I fear the made a bad use of her charms. "Lady Suffolk," says the famous Anne Clifford, in her diary, under the year 1619, "had the smallpox at Northampton-house, which spoiled that good face of her's, which had brought to others much misery, and to herself greatness, which ended in much unhappiness."[44]

An engraving of the portrait by James Caldwall is in the same book on page 228. Sir George Scharf (1820–1895), artist and art historian, first Director and later trustee of the National Portrait Gallery, later drew a sketch based on this portrait.[45] George Perfect Harding drew a pencil, watercolour and bodycolour copy of the portrait in 1811.[46] Bodycolour is watercolour which is mixed with white pigment to make it opaque.[47]

Family

Her children included:

Notes

  1. ^ Forename sometimes spelled Katherine
  2. ^ Payne, Helen (2004). "Howard, Katherine, countess of Suffolk (b. in or after 1564, d. 1638)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70618. Retrieved 3 May 2016. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ^ "VCH 14, Malmesbury Hundred:Brokenborough". Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  4. ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 15 (London, 1936), p. 380.
  5. ^ Nadine Akkerman, 'The Goddess of the Household', Nadine Akkerman & Birgit Houben, The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-in-waiting across Early Modern Europe (Leiden, 2014), pp. 305-306.
  6. ^ John Leeds Barroll, 'The court of the first Stuart queen', Linda Levy Peck, The Mental World of the Jacobean Court (Cambridge, 1991), p. 204.
  7. ^ Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writings (Manchester, 2018), p. 19: John Nichols, The Progresses, Processions, and Magnificent Festivities, of King James the First, vol. 1 (London, 1828), p. 174
  8. ^ Sara Jayne Steen, The letters of Lady Arbella Stuart (Oxford, 1994), p. 197: Ethel C. Williams, Anne of Denmark (London: Longman, 1970), p. 96.
  9. ^ Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (Manchester, 2002), p. 107.
  10. ^ Ann Rosalind Jones & Peter Stallybrass, Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory (Cambridge, 2000), p. 26.
  11. ^ Mark Hutchings & Berta Cano-Echevarría, 'Between Courts: Female Masquers and Anglo-Spanish Diplomacy', Early Theatre, 15:1 (2012), p. 95.
  12. ^ Ethel C. Williams, Anne of Denmark (London: Longman, 1970), p. 96.
  13. ^ Henry Ellis, Original Letters, series 2 vol. 3 (London, 1827), 209.
  14. ^ Relación de la Jornada del Condestable de Castilla (Antwerp, 1604), p. 22
  15. ^ Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1603–1610, 141, SP 14/9A/f.12r.
  16. ^ Cynthia Fry, Perceptions of Influence: The Catholic Diplomacy of Queen Anna and her Ladies, Nadine Akkerman & Birgit Houben, The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-in-waiting across Early Modern Europe (Brill, 2014), p. 283: Gustav Ungerer, 'Juan Pantoja de la Cruz and the Circulation of Gifts', Shakespeare Studies, vol. 26 (1998), p. 151.
  17. ^ Óscar Alfredo Ruiz Fernández, England and Spain in the Early Modern Era: Royal Love, Diplomacy, Trade and Naval Relations (London, 2019), p. 62: Albert J. Loomie, 'Toleration and Diplomacy: The Religious Issue in Anglo-Spanish Relations, 1603–1605', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 53:6 (1963), pp. 36, 53, 55.
  18. ^ Albert J. Loomie, 'Toleration and Diplomacy: The Religious Issue in Anglo-Spanish Relations, 1603–1605', Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 53:6 (1963), pp. 19, 25–27, 32–34, 36.
  19. ^ Linda Levy Peck, Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I (London, 1982), pp. 70–71.
  20. ^ Óscar Alfredo Ruiz Fernández, England and Spain in the Early Modern Era: Royal Love, Diplomacy, Trade and Naval Relations (London, 2019), pp. 30, 99, 111–12, 134: Mark Hutchings & Berta Cano-Echevarría, 'Between Courts: Female Masquers and Anglo-Spanish Diplomacy, 1603–5', Early Theatre, 15:1 (2012), p. 95.
  21. ^ Óscar Alfredo Ruiz Fernández, England and Spain in the Early Modern Era: Royal Love, Diplomacy, Trade and Naval Relations (London: Bloomsbury, 2020), p. 101.
  22. ^ Sheila R. Richards, Secret Writing in the Public Records (London: HMSO, 1974), p. 80.
  23. ^ Pauline Croft, 'The Religion of Robert Cecil', The Historical Journal, 34:4 (December 1991), p. 785: The Court and Character of King James, 1650 (London: Smeeton, 1817), 9.
  24. ^ John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 1 (London, 1828), p. 488.
  25. ^ Mara R. Wade, 'Anna of Denmark and her Royal Sisters', Clare McManus, Women and Culture at the Courts of the Stuart Queens (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 60–61.
  26. ^ Erin A. McCarthy, Doubtful Readers: Print, Poetry, and the Reading Public in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2020), p. 111.
  27. ^ Lanyer, Aemilia (1993). Susanne Woods (ed.). The Poems of Aemilia Lanyer: Salve Dues Rex Judaeorum. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  28. ^ Norman Egbert McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, 1 (Philadelphia, 1939), p. 541.
  29. ^ Manolo Guerci, London's Golden Mile: The Great Houses of the Strand, 1550–1650 (Yale, 2021), p. 207: Linda Levy Peck, 'Building, Buying and Collecting in London', Lena Cowen Orlin, Material London (Philadelphia, 2000), p. 274.
  30. ^ Evelyn Philip Shirley, 'Inventory of Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton', Archaeologia, 42 (1869), pp. 347–78
  31. ^ Anthony F. Upton, Sir Arthur Ingram c. 1565–1642; a study of the origins of an English landed family (Oxford, 1961), p. 80.
  32. ^ G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC Downshire, 5 (London: HMSO, 1988), pp. 371 no. 763, 387 no. 805.
  33. ^ G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC Downshire, 5 (London: HMSO, 1988), p. 459 no. 968.
  34. ^ Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676 (Manchester, 2018), p. 46.
  35. ^ Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676 (Manchester, 2018), pp. 75–76.
  36. ^ James Spedding, Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, vol. 7 (London, 1874), p. 56–59: Thomas Birch & Folkestone Williams, Court and Times of James the First, 2 (London: Colburn, 1849), pp. 130–31.
  37. ^ Linda Levy Peck, Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England (Routledge, 1990), p. 184: Felicity Heal, The Power of Gifts: Gift-exchange in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2014), p. 201.
  38. ^ Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. 22 (London, 1971), p. 99.
  39. ^ Bingley, John (c.1572-1638), of Chester, The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629, ed. Andrew Thrush and John P. Ferris, 2010
  40. ^ A. Perceval Keep, 'Star Chamber Proceedings against the Earl of Suffolk and Others', English Historical Review, 13:52 (1898), 716–728
  41. ^ Jessica L. Malay, Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writings (Manchester, 2018), p. 92: Linda Levy Peck, Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England (Routledge, 1990), p. 184.
  42. ^ Roger Lockyer, Buckingham (London: Longman, 1981), p. 64.
  43. ^ Aileen Ribeiro, 'A Paradice of Flowers: Flowers in English Dress' , Connoisseur, 201 (June 1979), p. 119 fn. 1
  44. ^ Pennant, Thomas (1782). The Journey from Chester to London. B. White.
  45. ^ "Possibly Katherine Howard (née Knyvett), Countess of Suffolk". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  46. ^ "George Perfect Harding (c.1780-1853)". www.christies.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  47. ^ "Body colour - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  48. ^ Manolo Guerci, London's Golden Mile: The Great Houses of the Strand, 1550–1650 (Yale, 2021), p. 207.