Calycanthus floridus

Calycanthus floridus

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Laurales
Family: Calycanthaceae
Genus: Calycanthus
Species:
C. floridus
Binomial name
Calycanthus floridus
L.[2]

Calycanthus floridus, or commonly known as the eastern sweetshrub, Carolina all spice, or spicebush,[3] is a species of flowering shrub in the family Calycanthaceae.[4] It is identifiable by its dark red flowers and fragrant scent. It is non-invasive and is found in the Southeastern United States region. The Nature Conservancy considers its conservation status to be G5, globally secure, indicating it is at low risk of extinction.[1] It is presumed to have been extirpated from Ohio.[1]

Description

Calycanthus floridus is a shrub that grows to be around 6 to 9 ft (2 to 3 m) tall.[5] Its leaves are a dark green with a pale underside. They are ovate or elliptical in shape and grow to be about 6 inches (15 cm) in length.[5] The leaves are simple, entire, and arranged oppositely along the stem.[6]

The flowers are solitary, featuring a reddish brown to reddish purple color when they bloom in spring. They are aromatic and so are the leaves when bruised.[5] The flowers have a hypanthium that is more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long.[7] The shape of the flowers can be cylindrical, ellipsoid, pyriform, or globose.[8] The flowers have numerous tepals that can either be oblong-elliptic or obovate-lanceolate at maturity.[8] The flowers are perfect, having both stamens and carpels on the flowers. The stamens are numerous, connective beyond the anthers.[7] The carpels are numerous. They are free, with a single ovary in a locule.[7]

The fruits are indehiscent pseudocarps that are about 8 cm (3 in) in length and 5 cm (2 in) in diameter at maturity.[7] They are formed within the receptacle and contain numerous achenes that are roughly 10 mm (0.4 in) long with a 5 mm (0.2 in) diameter.

  • Leaves
    Leaves
  • Flower
    Flower

Taxonomy

Oldest illustration, from a work by Mark Catesby published from 1731 onwards

Calycanthus floridus was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1759.[2] It was the only species in his new genus Calycanthus. Linnaeus referred to an earlier illustration by Mark Catesby,[9] contained in a work published from 1731 onwards. Plants of the World Online accepted two infraspecies:[10]

Image Subspecies Description Distribution
Calycanthus floridus var. floridus (syn. C. mohrii) eastern sweetshrub; twigs pubescent Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
''Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray (syn. C. fertilis) eastern sweetshrub; twigs glabrous (smooth). Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia

Distribution and habitat

Calycanthus floridus is native to the eastern United States.[11] It prefers sunny habitats but can tolerate moderate amounts of shade. It grows well in environments that feature moist substrate.[12]

Uses

It is used in horticulture as the flowers are showy and fragrant.[12] The bark of the plant is edible and is reportedly used as a substitute for cinnamon. The petals of the flower are also reportedly used in medicinal tea-making. Strong caution is advised however, as an alkaloid in the plant may lead to heart convulsions. The viscous substance within the plant is reportedly used as a disinfectant.[13]

It is highly resistant to diseases and insects, although it is prone to infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which leads to the formation of crown galls on the stems.[11][14]

This plant has been marked as a pollinator plant, supporting and attracting beetles.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c NatureServe (4 August 2023). "Calycanthus floridus". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  2. ^ a b "Calycanthus floridus L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  3. ^ "Calycanthus floridus (Bubby Bush, Carolina Allspice, Common Sweetshrub, Spicebush, Sweet Betsy, Sweet Bubby Bush, Sweetshrub, Sweet Shrub) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  4. ^ NRCS. "Calycanthus floridus". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  5. ^ a b c Missouri Botanical Garden. "Calycanthus floridus". Missouri Botanical Garden Plant Finder. St. Louis. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  6. ^ "Carolina allspice". www.mortonarb.org. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  7. ^ a b c d Radford, Albert E. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Ahles, Harry E.,, Bell, C. Ritchie. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1087-8. OCLC 355003.
  8. ^ a b Johnson, George P. "Calycanthus floridus". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2020-04-03 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  9. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1759). "Calycanthus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. II (10th ed.). Stockholm (Holmia): Salvius. p. 1066.
  10. ^ "Calycanthus floridus". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  11. ^ a b "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  12. ^ a b "Calycanthus floridus | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University". landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  13. ^ "Calycanthus floridus, Carolina Allspice, Eastern sweetshrub, Strawberry Bush, Sweetshrub, Carolina Allspice PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  14. ^ Gilman, Edward (27 May 2015). "Calycanthus floridus, Carolina Allspice, Sweetshrub". EDIS. Archived from the original on 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  15. ^ "Planting Guides" (PDF). Pollinator.org. Retrieved 2022-01-29.