Borden Formation

Borden Formation
Stratigraphic range: Mississippian
Turbidites of Farmers Member of Borden Formation at mile marker 135, Interstate 64, Kentucky
TypeSedimentary
Sub-unitsKentucky:
  • New Providence Shale
  • Kenwood Siltstone
  • Nancy Holtsclaw Siltstone
  • Muldraugh,[1]
  • Farmers,[2][3]
  • Nada
  • Cowbell
  • Renfro[4]

Indiana:

ThicknessKentucky: 0–200 m (0–656 ft)[5]
Lithology
PrimaryShale, siltstone, sandstone
OtherLimestone
Location
RegionKentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Tennessee
Country United States
ExtentCincinnati Arch, Appalachian Basin, Illinois Basin
Type section
Named forBorden, Clark County, Indiana
Named byCummings
Year defined1922[6]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borden Formation.

The Mississippian Borden Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia,[7] and Tennessee. It has many members, which has led some geologists to consider it a group (for example in Indiana[8]) rather than a formation (for example in Kentucky[1][4]).

Stratigraphy

There are three members of the Borden Group in Indiana.

Edwardsville Formation

The Edwardsville Formation is a geological structure in the Borden Group, of the Lower Mississippian sub system,[9] (Osagean, late Tournaisian). Crinoids fossils can be found in the formation.[10]

New Providence Shale

The New Providence Shale is a geologic formation in Indiana.

Spickert Knob Formation

The Spickert Knob Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana

Fossils

  • Scyphozoans: Conularia sp. (from Borden Formation), Paraconularia sp. (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale)[11]
  • Hexactinellid Sponges (from Muldraugh Formation)[11]
  • Brachiopods: Orthotetes keokuk (from Borden Formation), Orbiculoidea (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale)[11]
  • Trilobite: Phillibole conkini (Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group)[11]
  • Cephalopods: Cantabricanites greenei, Polaricyclus ballardensis, Winchelloceras knappi (all from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group),[11] Muenstroceras oweni, M. parallelum, Kazakhstania colubrella, Imitoceras ixion, Masonoceras kentuckiense, Merocanites drostei, Dzhaprakoceras sp., Polaricyclus bordenensis, Winchelloceras allei (all from Nada and Cowbell Members)[12]
  • Crinoids: Pachyocrinus aequalis (from Muldraugh Mbr.),[11] Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis (from Muldraugh Mbr.),[13] Rhodocrinites barrisi divergens, Gilbertsocrinus tuberculosus, Gilbertsocrinus typus, Actinocrinites eximius, Actinocrinites scitulus, Blairocrinus protuberatus, Steganocrinus, Uperocrinus pyriformis, Uperocrinus acuminatus, Eretmocrinus cloelia, Macrocrinus konincki, Dorycrinus quinquelobus, Aorocrinus nodulus, Agaricocrinus planoconvexus, Agaricocrinus inflatus, Dichocrinuspocillum Dichocrinus, Paradichocrinus liratus, Platycrinites glyptus, Platycrinites planus, Platycrinities spinifer, Cyathocrinites iowensis, Barycrinus spurious, Costalocrinus cornutus, Meniscocrinus, Pellecrinus obuncus, Atelestocrinus kentuckyensis, Holcocrinus spinobrachiatus, Blothrocrinus swallovi, Coeliocrinus subspinosus, Decadocrinus scalaris, Taxocrinus, Synbathocrinus dentatus, Halysiocrinus dactylus (from Nada Mbr.).[14]
  • Blastoids: Granatocrinus kentuckyensis (from New Providence Shale)[11]

A rare soft-bodied fossil that was recovered from the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in northeastern Kentucky was interpreted as a chondrophorine float (an internal anatomical feature).[15]

  • Fossil brachiopods (Rhynchonelliformea) in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)
    Fossil brachiopods (Rhynchonelliformea) in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)
  • Gilbertsocrinus typus, an extinct crinoid from the Borden Formation
    Gilbertsocrinus typus, an extinct crinoid from the Borden Formation
  • Platycrinites hemisphericus, another crinoid
    Platycrinites hemisphericus, another crinoid
  • Fossil scallop in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)
    Fossil scallop in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)

Trace fossils

Zoophycos is present in the turbidites of the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky.

  • Zoophycos from turbidites of Farmers Member of Borden Formation at mile marker 135, I-64, Kentucky
    Zoophycos from turbidites of Farmers Member of Borden Formation at mile marker 135, I-64, Kentucky
  • Another Zoophycos trace fossil from Kentucky
    Another Zoophycos trace fossil from Kentucky
  • Trace fossils in sandstone (Henley Member)
    Trace fossils in sandstone (Henley Member)

References

  1. ^ a b Kepferle, R.C., 1971, Members of the Borden Formation (Mississippian) in north-central Kentucky, IN Contributions to stratigraphy, 1971: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1354-B, p. B1–B18.
  2. ^ Peck, J.H., 1969, Geologic map of the Flemingsburg quadrangle, Fleming and Mason Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map, GQ-837, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000
  3. ^ Weir, G.W., 1976, Geologic map of the Means quadrangle, east-central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map, GQ-1324, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000
  4. ^ a b Weir, G.W., Gualtieri, J.L., and Schlanger, S.O., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south- and southeast-central Kentucky, IN Contributions to stratigraphy, 1965: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1224-F, p. F1–F38. [1]
  5. ^ Chesnut, D.R., Jr., 1992, Stratigraphic and structural framework of the Carboniferous rocks of the central Appalachian basin in Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey Bulletin, 11th series, no. 3, 42 p.
  6. ^ Cumings, E.R., 1922, Nomenclature and description of the geological formations of Indiana, IN Logan, W.N., and others, Handbook of Indiana Geology: Indiana Division of Geology Publication, no. 21, p. 403–570
  7. ^ Matchen, D.L., and Kammer, T.W., 1994, Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky: Southeastern Geology, v. 34, no. 1, p. 25–41.
  8. ^ Shaver, R.H., Burger, A.M., Gates, G.R., Gray, H.H., and others, 1970, Compendium of rock-unit stratigraphy in Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 43, 229 p.
  9. ^ Edwardsville Formation at the Indiana Geological Survey
  10. ^ Crinoids from the Edwardsville Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Southern Indiana. William I. Ausich and N. Gary Lane, Journal of Paleontology, November 1982, Volume 56, Number 6, pages 1343-1361 (abstract)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g http://www.kyanageo.org/mississippian.html KYANA Geological Society (Mississippian)
  12. ^ David M. Work and Charles E. Mason. 2003. Mississippian (Middle Osagean) Ammonoids from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation, Kentucky, Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 77, No. 3 (May, 2003), pp. 593-596 [2]
  13. ^ Kammer, T.W., W. I. Ausich, and A. Goldstein. 2007. Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis n. sp. from the late Osgean (Mississippian) Muldraugh Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky: a European immigrant originally derived from North America? Journal of Paleontology, 81:209-212. [3]
  14. ^ Lee, K.G., W.I. Ausich, and T.W. Kammer. 2005. Crinoids from the Nada Member of the Borden Formation (Lower Mississippian) in eastern Kentucky. Journal of Paleontology, 79:337-355. [4]
  15. ^ Ellis L. Yochelson and Charles E. Mason. 1986. A Chondrophorine Coelenterate from the Borden Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Kentucky, Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 60, No. 5 (September 1986), pp. 1025-1028 [5]