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Blackhole serverBlackhole DNS servers are Domain Name System (DNS) servers that return a "nonexistent address" answer to reverse DNS lookups for addresses reserved for private use. BackgroundThere are several ranges of network addresses reserved for use on private networks in IPv4:[1]
Reverse DNS queries are used to map IP addresses to domain names. They are PTR queries for subdomains of in-addr.arpa (for IPv4 addresses)[3] and ip6.arpa (for IPv6 addresses).[4] For example, to find the domain name associated with the IP address 203.0.113.22, one would send a PTR query for 22.133.0.203.in-addr.arpa. Misconfigured hosts[5] often send reverse DNS queries for private addresses to the public DNS. The public DNS cannot meaningfully respond to these queries, since these addresses are reserved for private networks and can't correspond to a single public domain name. Without any mitigation, these queries would put unnecessary load on the in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa nameservers.[6] RoleTo deal with this problem, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has set up three special DNS servers called "blackhole servers". Currently the blackhole servers are:[7]
These servers are registered in the DNS directory as the authoritative servers for the reverse lookup zone of the 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16 addresses. These servers are configured to answer any query with a "nonexistent address" answer. This helps to reduce wait times because the (negative) answer is given immediately and thus no wait for a timeout is necessary. Additionally, the answer returned is also allowed to be cached by recursive DNS servers. This is especially helpful because a second lookup for the same address performed by the same node would probably be answered from the local cache instead of querying the authoritative servers again. This helps reduce the network load significantly. According to IANA, "the blackhole servers generally answer thousands of queries per second".[8] Because the load on the IANA blackhole servers became very high, an alternative service, AS112, has been created, mostly run by volunteer operators. AS112The AS112 project is a group of volunteer name server operators joined in an autonomous system. They run anycasted instances of the name servers that answer reverse DNS lookups for private network and link-local addresses sent to the public Internet. These queries are ambiguous by their nature, and cannot be answered correctly. Providing negative answers reduces the load on the public DNS infrastructure. HistoryBefore 2001, the in-addr.arpa zones for the private networks[1] were delegated to a single instance of name servers, blackhole-1.iana.org and blackhole-2.iana.org, called the blackhole servers. The IANA-run servers were under increasing load from improperly-configured NAT networks, leaking out reverse DNS queries, also causing unnecessary load on the root servers. The decision was made by a small subset of root server operators to run the reverse delegations; each announcing the network using the autonomous system number of 112.[9] Later, the group of volunteers has grown to include many other organizations. An alternative approach, using DNAME redirection, was adopted by the IETF in May 2015.[6][10] DNS zone administrators can redirect queries to AS112 by setting up a DNAME redirection to empty.as112.arpa.[10] Answered zonesThe name servers participating in the AS112 project are each configured to answer authoritatively for the following zones:
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