Belarusian-Soviet conflict

Belarusian Soviet conflict
Part of Belarus in Russian Civil War

Delegates of the First Congress of Military and Workers' Deputies of the Army and Home Front of the Western Front. Minsk, April 1917.
DateDecember 1917 – 1918
Location
Belarus
Result Belarusian-Polish victory
Territorial
changes		 Formation of the Belarusian People's Republic
Belligerents

Great Belarus Council
Central Belarus Military Council
Executive Committee of the Council of the First All-Belarusian Congress
Kingdom of Poland
Polish Main Military Committee

German Empire		 Russian SFSR
Western Oblast (1917-1918)
Belarusian Regional Committee (BRC)
Commanders and leaders
Kyprian Kandratovich
Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski
Kastuś Jezavitaŭ
Władysław Raczkiewicz
Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki		 Nikolai Krylenko
Alexander Miasnikian
Evsey Kancher
Units involved
Armed Forces of Belarus People's Republic
Polish I Corps in Russia		 Red Army
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The October Revolution and the Establishment of Belarusian Statehood,[1] Belarusian-Bolshevik conflict,[2] Conflict between the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress and Oblispolkom,[3] Bolshevik coup d'état in Belarus[4] — political and military confrontation between units in favour of the Great Belarusian Rada and subordinated to the Central Belarusian Military Rada (CWBR) on the one hand, and on the other hand the Bolshevik Red Guards detachments of the Western Region, Russian Socialist Republic in late 1917 and early 1918.

Title

In modern Belarusian historiography there is no single name for the period from the October coup d'état to the proclamation of the Belarusian People's Republic.[citation needed]

The variant "The October Revolution and the Establishment of Belarusian Statehood" is mostly used.[1][5]

The contemporary Polish-Belarusian historian Aleh Latyshonok uses several names for this period of history: the Belarusian-Bolshevik conflict and the Bolshevik coup in Belarus.[citation needed]

History

In early December 1917, contradictions arose between the Belarusian nationalist and the local Bolshevik leadership, which seized power in the region with the help of the Western Front's rebel units.[citation needed]

On 2 December 1917, the plenum of the Bolshevik Executive Committee of the Western Region and the Western Front considered the question of "nationalisation" of the army, i.e. formation of national military units. The only Belarusian among the commissars, the sailor B. Mukha demanded from the executive committee either to authorise the creation of Belarusian regiments or not to authorise the creation of any national regiments. The Plenum decided to dissolve the Polish units and disallow creating Belarusian ones.[6]

On December 5, there was a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars of the Western Region and the Western Front, at which the Latvian Kārlis Landers made a report about the so-called "hostile activity of the Belarusian nationalists", at this meeting it was decided to dissolve the Central Belarusian Military Rada, and its figures were arrested and tried by the revolutionary tribunal.[7]

At the same time, on 4–5 December, the CBWR's second plenary meeting was held, and student Tomasz Gryb was elected as a deputy instead of D. Mamońka.[8]

On December 5, delegates from Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Hrodna provinces gathered in Minsk. At the same congress, the two largest competing national organizations, the Great Belarusian Rada (GBR) and the Belarusian Regional Committee (BRC), which represented Belarus' eastern provinces, were present. The BRC's activists tried to take the management of the Belarusian national movement out of the GBR's hands as most of them were members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Initially, the BRC planned to convene its All-Belarusian Congress on 15 December in Rogachev in Mogilev province, for which they received permission from Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.[9]

Seeing that the UBD managed to hold a congress in Minsk, the BRC agreed to merge the two congresses. However, they did not give up their congress in Rogachev on 15 December, which they hoped to manage themselves. The UBR agreed to participate in the congress in Rogachev because the BRC enjoyed the support of Moscow and the Belarusian peasantry, which the UBR did not. Ultimately, the congress in Rogachev led to the break-up of the united national movement.[citation needed]

Despite the agreement between the BWR and the BRC to hold the congress jointly, some pro-Russian delegates opposed the congress in Minsk, at which time the CBR threatened them with arrest. The congress proclaimed the right of Belarusians to create a national state, but its participants were clearly divided over the political views of the West and the East: the former, represented by the BSS, were in favour of the independence of Belarus, the latter, represented by the BRC, saw Belarus only as part of Russia. Thanks to the threats of the CBDN the congress was opened on 14 December.[10]

Lieutenant General Konstantin Alekseevsky, an active participant of the Belarusian national movement, wrote about this congress:

What the Belarusians experienced at the Congress, what they felt, will never be forgotten by them and will be passed on from one to another to the son of the Belarusian land, no matter under whose care it is.[citation needed]

More than half of the congress delegates were military men, they played an important role in the congress. At first the head of the Central Belarusian Military Rada Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski was elected chairman of the congress. A few days later, due to internal struggles, Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski was replaced by another member of the Central Belarusian Military Rada, Yan Sereda.[11]

At the same time when this congress was held, numerous other congresses of the Belarusian military took place. For example, at the end of November there was a congress of the 3rd Corps of the Western Front, and on 1–4 December there was a congress of the 2nd Army in Nevel.[12] On December 3, a congress of Belarusians of the Romanian Front was held in Odessa.[13] On December 15–20, a congress of soldiers of the Southwestern Front was held in Kyiv.[14] At the same time, congresses of military districts were held. In Smolensk a congress of Belarusian soldiers was held.[15] There were also numerous gatherings in military units.[citation needed]

All congresses and meetings of Belarusian soldiers sent to the First All-Belarusian and to the Central Belarusian Military Council declarations supporting the autonomy of Belarus as a federative part of the Russian Republic; soldiers also sent demands for the creation of a Belarusian army.[16]

The organisations of the Belarusian military in Mogilev province demanded from the Bolsheviks to disband the Polish units being formed. The executive committee of the Mogilev Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies appealed to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief with a proposal to start the formation of the Belarusian army from demobilised Belarusians using the Central Military District and the Stavka of the Supreme Commander. Also the 4th Congress of Peasant Deputies of Mogilev province demanded from the Bolsheviks to withdraw Polish units from Belarus, threatening that in case of failure to fulfil this demand Belarusian units would arrive in the province.[17]

Faced with the reluctance to form and the hostile attitude of the Western Front leadership to the Belarusian units being formed, the process of forming Belarusian units continued without the participation of official structures. In the Pskov area, Lieutenant Ezovitov began to form a Belarusian lancer regiment.[18] After its creation, the regiment was transferred to Belorussia to the town of Krasna near Orsha under the name of the Belorussian Cavalry Regiment.[19] This large formation was commanded by Captain R. Yakubenya.[20] In Smolensk a district congress of Belorussian soldiers, as the statement wrote:

Decided to create the 1st Smolensk Belorussian Regiment by replenishing it with Belarusians from the 377th Vitebsk Druzhina.[15] The formation of the Belarusian Battalion began in Odessa from the Belarusians of the Odessa Military District.[21]

Numerous Belarusian military units that were created on different fronts tried to contact General Kyprian Kandratovich, who was in charge of the formation of the Belarusian army, but the attempts were fruitless. The soldiers received support, advice and instructions only from the junior officers of the CBWR and the leadership of its political department. The patience of the junior officers burst when Kandratovich tore up a letter that had been brought to him for signature. In the end, the members of the presidium of the CBWR declared that they would leave the military department if it was headed by Kandratovich. The executive committee of the CCER dismissed General Kandratovich from the leadership and Colonel Konstantin Ezovitov was appointed instead.[20]

At this time the Bolshevik protégé Nikolai Krylenko, who had been appointed commander-in-chief, issued an order banning the creation of national units and forbidding the convening of national congresses in the front zone.[22] This order was directed primarily at Ukrainians and Poles, but the commander of the Western Front Myasnikov also used it against Belarusians and on 8 December issued an order to liquidate the 1st Belorussian Regiment, which was in Minsk, and to include the regiment's men in the 289th Reserve Regiment.[23] The CBRN agreed to fulfil the order and integrate the fighters into the 289th Regiment, expecting to receive supplies and weapons. After that, the CBRF sent the arriving Belarusian volunteers to the 289th Regiment hoping to take it under its command.[24][25]

Krylenko's order provoked a sharp protest from the Belorussian Military Rada of the 12th Army of the Northern Front (chairman Makarevich); on 9 December he sent a telegram to Krylenko demanding to resume the creation of Belorussian military units. The 12th Army had already worked on the "Belorussianisation" of several units. The BIA ordered its commissars to continue the "Belarusisation", despite the actions of the Russians. Because of this, some commissars were arrested for a short time.[26]

On December 11, there was a meeting of the military department of the First All-Belarusian Congress. P. Aleksiuk, taking advantage of the fact that most of the CBWR members participated in the meeting, made a proposal to turn the meeting into a session of the CBWR.[27] At the meeting, chaired by P. Aliaksiuk, the current demands for the creation of Belarusian military units and their transfer to Belarus were confirmed. The CBWR also demanded the cancellation of Krylenko's order banning the creation of Belarusian units and confirmed the right of Belarusians to form a national army, also the CBWR ordered the formation of the 1st Belarusian Regiment in Minsk, and equalised all Belarusian military committees (the executive committee of the CBWR, the Front Committee, the Army Committee, etc.) with the Russian military committees.[28]

In the meantime, the Bolshevik leadership of the Western Region and the Western Front decided to deal with all the Belarusian organisations in one fell swoop.[29]

On the night of December 17–18, the Bolsheviks broke up the First All-Belarusian Congress, arrested members of the presidium and several deputies. Simultaneously, the Bolsheviks expelled all Belarusian organizations from the Governor's House. In response, the executive committee of the Central Committee occupied the building on Militsiya Street, where the Belarusian organizations relocated. Additionally, the Belarusian executive committee of the Western Front moved to the building on Kolomenskaya Street.[30]

"The dispersal of the congress was considered by the delegates as "an act of abuse of the Belarusian people, committed through the influx of rapist aliens. After that every sincere Belarusian will work with even more energy, with more fire for the benefit of the suffering mother Belarus"[citation needed]

This is what I. Nyalepka, a delegate of the congress, wrote on 31 December 1917 in the newspaper "Volnaya Belarus".[31] Despite the fact that most of the delegates were military men, they had no determination to fight the Bolsheviks. The participants of the congress limited themselves to a march during which they sang mourning songs. The dispersal of the First All-Belarusian Congress, the decisions of which became a political reference point in the further development of the Belarusian national movement, had many consequences. One of them was the creation on 18 December 1917 at a meeting of activists and part of the presidium of the congress of the executive committee of the congress council headed by the leader of the nationalist wing of the BSG T. Hryb. In the morning of 18 December at a meeting in the premises of the railway depot of the Libava-Romna railway the council decided:

  1. considers the All-Belarusian Congress forcibly dispersed;
  2. the congress council shall be recognised as the executive body of the congress, whose duty is to implement all decisions and resolutions of the congress;
  3. supplement the congress council with delegates from fellow countrymen and other groups who send their representatives from the congress to the council and give them the right of recusal, recall.[32]

K. Lander and Myachnikov arrived at the meeting and demanded that those gathered leave the room, but they were opposed by the railway workers who harassed them and threatened to kill them.[33]

А. Myasnikov and K. Lander organised a victory parade in Minsk on 20 December, but they did not take further action as it exceeded their authority. The central authorities were flooded with protests from Belarusian organisations, and protest meetings were held in Minsk, Mogilev, Vitibsk, Orsha, Polotsk, Igumen. The Petrograd government replied to the Belarusian organisations in Moscow and Petrograd and to the executive committee of the Congress that the Council of People's Commissars recognised the right of the nation to self-determination: up to secession

Those responsible for breaking up the congress received a sharp warning from the government.[citation needed]

Events

Forces of the parties

Belarusian units

At the end of 1917, the CBRR started to form the Belarusian army, according to K. Dzhezovit it was to be called the Belarusian People's Red Guard, while A. Chochlov proposed to call the army the Belarusian People's Socialist Guard, its departments were to be in Minsk, Bobruisk, Rogachev, Mogilev, Borisov.[citation needed]

At the end of 1917 Belarusian units were established in Vitibsk, Smolensk, Orsha, Luninets, Odessa, as well as the 4th Belorussian Regiment on the Rumanian front.[34]

  • 1st Smolensk Belorussian Regiment - it was not realised.
  • 1st Belorussian Regiment - created in Minsk 350 soldiers guarded the 1st All-Belorussian Congress. On 8 December 1917, by Myasnikov's decision it was included in the 289th Reserve Regiment (it was under the influence of the CBWR). At the end of 1917 it was transferred to the railway line Minsk-Vitebsk-Smolensk, in the beginning of 1918 it was disbanded due to lack of supply.
  • Belorussian cavalry regiment - created near Pskov in early 1918 commander Yakubenya was based near Orsha.
  • Minsk Belorussian Regiment was created in February 1918 in Minsk.
  • 1st Hussar Belarusian National Regiment was created by Tarogin's order of 14 January 1918.
  • 4th Byelorussian Corps - on 21 January 1918 was created by D. Scherbachov's decree on the Rumun front.
  • 357th Vitebsk squad - by decree of 23 January 1918
  • 401st Minsk squad - by decree of 23 January 1918

Polish national formations

In early 1918, units of the 1st Polish Corps under Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki fought victoriously against the Bolsheviks in Belarus. The corps' headquarters was Minsk. According to Łatyszonek roughly 40%-60% of the corps' soldiers were Belarusian Catholics from Vilna and Minsk provinces.[35] In Bobruisk, Polish units defeated a Belarusian regiment.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b "Октябрьская революция. Создание белорусской государственности". Archived from the original on 2016-09-24. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  2. ^ Łatyszonek, O. Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Стр 60
  3. ^ "Кім насамрэч быў адзін з самых таямнічых "айцоў" БНР — Хартия'97 :: Новости Беларуси — Белорусские новости — Новости Белоруссии — Республика Беларусь — Минск". Archived from the original on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  4. ^ "Беластоцкі бенефіс | Arche.by". Archived from the original on 2018-04-10. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  5. ^ "Октябрьский старт. Как Октябрьская революция повлияла на формирование белорусской государственности". 2017-11-03. Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
  6. ^ Velikaja Oktjabrґskaja socialističeskaja revoljucija v Belorussii. Dokumenty i materiały (dalej: VOSRB), T. 2, Mińsk 1957, s. 355—356.
  7. ^ N. Staškevič, Prigovor revoljucii. Krušenie antisovetskogo dviženija v Belorussii 1917—1925 (dalej: Prigovor…), Mińsk 1985, s. 155.
  8. ^ K. Jezavitau, Biełaruskaja..., cz. 1, s. 39.
  9. ^ Łatyszonek, O. Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Стр 61
  10. ^ V. Zacharka, Hałounyja mamenty biełaruskaha ruchu, Praga 1926, mnps, BBMFS, s. 22-24.
  11. ^ Łatyszonek, O. Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Стр 62
  12. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 3: 1917, s. 4; Nr 6: 1917, s. 3.
  13. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 10: 1917, s. 4.
  14. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 3: 1918, s. 4. Przygotowania do Zjazdu Białorusinуw Wojskowych Frontu Południowo-Zachodniego opisał znany działacz białoruski Makary Kościewicz: «Gęsty, młody sosnowy las koło RoŜyszcza (na Wołyniu). W ziemiankach i barakach śrуd tego lasu stał sztab 44 rosyjskiego korpusu, w ktуrym mnie dobrze znali jako przewodniczącego korpuśnego komitetu. Wiedzieli takŜe, Ŝe jestem Białorusinem, Ŝe mam kontakt z mińskimi Białorusinami, otrzymuję swoją ojczystą literaturę itd. Ukraińcуw w korpusie była cała 72 dywizja. A Białorusinуw trudno było znaleźć. Znaleźli się jednak sami. W pierwszych dniach grudnia (według starego stylu) jakoś wołają mnie na zebranie Białorusinуw, ktуrzy byli w korpusie. Zebranie odbywało się niedaleko od sztabu korpusu w 46 pułku inŜynieryjnym. Około pуłtora setki ludzi (a moŜe i więcej) pod prezesurą sztabskapitana (nazwiskanie pamiętam, tylko raz w Ŝyciu wуwczas go widziałem); radzą się, kogo posłać do Mińska na Zjazd Wszechbiałoruski, a takŜe i do Kijowa na Zjazd Białorusinуw wojskowych b. rosyjskiego frontu południowo zachodniego (oba zjazdy zbierały się w tym samym czasie). Powinienem zaznaczyć, Ŝe korpuśny komitet, na czele ktуrego wуwczas stałem, wybrany był około dwуch miesięcy przed bolszewickim przewrotem. Na 20 z czymś członkуw ten komitet miał tylko 2 bolszewikуw, organem nowej (bolszewickiej) władzy nie był… Moi krajanie, zebrani (nie wiem, z czyjej inicjatywy) w 46 pułku inŜynieryjnym, takŜe nie byli bolszewikami. Wśrуd zebranych byli przewaŜnie Ŝołnierze, paru oficerуw, kilku urzędnikуw wojskowych i pisarzy. Zrzucam czapkę, witam krajanуw, po białorusku. Jakiś urzędnik zająknął się o tym, Ŝe Białoruś, to sprawa zrozumiała, ale Ŝeby swуj język w jej instytucjach wprowadzać, to moŜe coś trochę za wiele. Za językiem ojczystym wystąpił jeden młodziutki pisarz i wygłosił cały wykład o sławnej przeszłości naszego języka i starodawnej Litwie… Mnie zaproponowano do wyboru: jechać do Mińska lub do Kijowa, a jeśli dam radę, to być na obu zjazdach. Wybrałem Mińsk, do Kijowa pojechali inni delegaci», Makar Kraucou (M. Kościewicz), 20 hadou nazad (Uspamin pra Usiebiełaruski Źjezd 1917 h. (Z časapisu «Šlach Moładzi», Vilnia, 1938 h.), «Zapisy», Ks. 3, Monachium 1964, s. 133—134.
  15. ^ a b «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 7: 1917, s. 2.
  16. ^ Łatyszonek, O. Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Стр 63
  17. ^ V. Savicki, Biełaruskaje..., s. 63.
  18. ^ V. Savicki, Biełaruskaje..., s. 61.
  19. ^ «Volnaja Biełaruś», Nr 2: 1918, s. 15-16
  20. ^ a b Krуtki zarys zagadnienia białoruskiego (dalej: Krуtki zarys…), mnps, Warszawa 1928, s. 55.
  21. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 8: 1917, s. 4.
  22. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 10: 1917, s. 3.
  23. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 8: 1917, s. 3.
  24. ^ K. Jezavitau, Biełaruskaja…, cz. 1, s. 43; «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 8: 1917, s. 3.
  25. ^ Łatyszonek, O. Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Стр 64
  26. ^ «Beloruskaja Rada», Nr 10: 1917, s. 3-4
  27. ^ NARB, f. 62, op. 1, d. 3, Protokуł posiedzenia sekcji wojskowej Zjazdu Wszechbiałoruskiego z 11 XII 1917, l. 8.
  28. ^ NARB, f. 62, op. 1, d. 3, Rezolucja w kwestii formowania wojsk narodowych, l.10-11. Rezolucję wydano w imieniu drugiej sesji BCRW, chociaŜ druga sesja odbyła się w dniach 4-5 grudnia. Być moŜe uznano posiedzenie w dniu 11 grudnia za przedłuŜenie obrad drugiej sesji BCRW.
  29. ^ K. Jezavitau, Biełaruskaja..., cz. 1, s. 43.
  30. ^ «Belaruskaja Rada», Nr 1: 1918, s. 4; Nr 3: 1918, s. 4
  31. ^ 1 Вольная Беларусь. 1917. № 36. 31 дек. С. 3.
  32. ^ Турук Ф. Белорусское движение. Стр 110
  33. ^ A. V. op. cit., s. 151—152.
  34. ^ K. Jezavitau, Biełaruskaja..., cz. 2, s. 82. O tworzeniu białoruskiej jednostki w Łunińcu niestety nic więcej nie wiadomo.
  35. ^ Łatyszonek, O. Białoruskie formacje wojskowe 1917—1923 Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Стр 53

Literature