Beidane

Beidane or Bidān, also spelled Baydan or Beydan (Arabic: بيضان), is an Arabic term[note 1] used in Mauritania to refer to lighter-skinned or "white Moors", in contrast to the term Haratine, which refers to those with a darker complexion or "black Moors". The Beidane, who are of mixed Arab and Berber ancestry, represent 30% of Mauritania's population.[1][2] The language of the Beidane is Hassaniya Arabic. Al-Bidān (which literally translates to "Land of the whites") is an endonym used within Mauritania and Western Sahara by the Bidān people to refer to themselves. The name used by outsiders to refer to the Beydane is Moors from which the country of Mauritania derives its name from the Latin designation of their inhabitants (Mauri) as the Bidan form the majority of the population.[citation needed]

"Moor" is not the term for a specific ethnic group, but rather the term used by the European Christians in reference to the Arab populations that hailed from North Africa in the medieval period and took control of parts of Malta, Sicily, Portugal, Spain, and the southern part of France. Another term used in reference to Arabs at this time was "Saracen". This was largely used to refer to the peoples of the entire Arab Islamic empire, mostly by Italians and other Europeans to the north. The term largely fell out of use after the Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Societal hierarchy

The Beidane people comprise roughly 30 percent of the population,[3] making them the largest ethnic minority. Haratines (Black Moors) make up roughly 40 percent of the population and constitute the ethnic plurality.[3] The remaining 30 percent are "Sub-Saharan Mauritanians," according to the 2023 CIA World Factbook entry on Mauritania.[3]

Within Mauritanian society, there remains minority of control of the country, with the Beidane (white Moors) controlling the national economy as well as a significant majority of the state including but not limited to the government, military, and the police force.[4]

Since there is no ethnicity data on the Mauritanian census, the government has reported[when?] that the majority of the population (the 70% consisting of Beidane and Haratine peoples) as Maure, which means "speaker of Hassaniya Arabic." However, while most Beidane peoples would associate themselves with the term, the majority of Haratines would distance themselves from the term as they consider themselves a separate ethnic group.[5] Haratines are almost exclusively of black African origin, but are closely aligned with the Moorish population in terms of language and culture. According to Amnesty International "they have lost virtually every aspect of their African origins except their skin color." Their Moorish culture and their language are the result of generations of enslavement. They are thus referred to as "black Moors" to differentiate them from the "white Moors" who enslaved them, and from black Mauritanians who have not been enslaved by the Moors.[6]

Slavery

During French colonial occupation of Mauritania, it was declared that France would help put an end to the continued use of slavery in 1905.[7] The colonial power however, neglected to enforce such a decree and it was only officially outlawed in 1981, making it the last nation in the world to make such a law.[7]

However, the nation has a long and extensive history of enslavement and racial slavery, with the Beidane or "white Moor" peoples historically ruling over the "black Moor" population.[7][8]

Continued Slavery in the Modern Era

According to the Unrepresented Nations and People Organization (UNPO), Mauritania passed a 2007 law that criminalized the possession of slaves as well as making special provisions and rules for the payment of slaves via their masters.[9] This law, however, did not deter the owning and trading of slaves in Mauritania, and in an independent report from a United Nations independent expert, Gulnara Shahinian (the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery), she states "There are all forms of slavery in Mauritania. There is child labor, domestic labor, child marriages and human trafficking."[10] She estimates that roughly 18 percent of Mauritania's current population of around 3.5 million people are enslaved as of 2009.[10]

While slavery has officially been abolished by law in 1981, many Mauritanians, specifically the Haratine majority, remain stuck in a "slave limbo" similar to indentured servitude, where they continue to be socio-economically dependent on the Beidane "masters" due to their position within the societal hierarchy.[11]

References

  1. ^ David Seddon (2013). A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. Routledge. p. 431. ISBN 978-1-135-35562-3.
  2. ^ "Bīdān Moor - people". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 Apr 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Mauritania", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-04-26, retrieved 2023-05-02
  4. ^ "Mauritania: Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery". www.ilo.org. 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  5. ^ Melly, Paul (2019). "Mauritania's Unfolding Landscape: Elections, Hydrocarbons and Socio-Economic Change". Chatham House.
  6. ^ "Mauritania: A future free from slavery". Amnesty International. p. 9. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
  7. ^ a b c Kharroub, Tamara (25 July 2019). "Slavery in Mauritania: The Long Road to Real Emancipation". Arab Center Washington DC. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  8. ^ J. King, Stephen (2021-08-26). "Ending Hereditary Slavery in Mauritania: Bidan (Whites) and Black "Slaves" in 2021". Arab Reform Initiative.
  9. ^ "UNPO: Haratin: Slavery Remains a Problem in Mauritania". unpo.org. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  10. ^ a b International, Anti-Slavery (2009-11-03). "UN confirms slavery in Mauritania". Anti-Slavery International. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  11. ^ Melly, Paul (2019). "Mauritania's Unfolding Landscape: Elections, Hydrocarbons and Socio-Economic Change". Chatham House.

Notes

  1. ^ meaning "white"

See also

See also: Sahrawi people