Battle of Mishmar HaEmek

Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
Part of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine

Jewish soldiers at the entry of the Mishmar Ha'emek, 1948
Date4–15 April 1948
Location
Mishmar HaEmek, Mandatory Palestine
32°36′35″N 35°8′30″E / 32.60972°N 35.14167°E / 32.60972; 35.14167
Result

Yishuv victory

  • Arab villages in the area occupied
Belligerents
Israel Haganah Arab Liberation Army
Commanders and leaders
Israel Yitzhak Sadeh Fawzi al-Qawuqji
Strength
Israel ~470 militiamen 1,000 militiamen
Battle of Mishmar HaEmek is located in Mandatory Palestine
Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
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Location within Mandatory Palestine

The Battle of Mishmar HaEmek was a ten-day battle fought from 4 to 15 April 1948 between the Arab Liberation Army (Yarmouk Battalion) commanded by Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Haganah (Palmach and HISH) commanded by Yitzhak Sadeh and Dan Laner.[1] The battle began when al-Qawuqji launched an attack against Mishmar HaEmek with the intent of taking the kibbutz, which was strategically placed beside the main road between Jenin and Haifa.[2] In 1947 it had a population of 550.[3]

Battle

Bay Mahdi, one of the ALA commanders, during the attack on Mishmar HaEmek, 1948

On 4 April 1948, about 1,000 Arab Liberation Army (ALA) militiamen launched an attack on the kibbutz.[4] They were initially opposed by 170 Jews and later, two companies of the Palmach, "less than 300 boys."[5] The attack began with an artillery barrage from seven artillery pieces supplied by the Syrian Army,[6] killing a young woman and her 11-month old baby at the nursery.[7][8] This was the first time that artillery was used in the war. For five days, the Arab force shelled the village from a distance of 800 yards,[9] killing and injuring several civilians including students at the kibbutz's high school.[10] The Jews had one machine gun and "not enough rifles for all the male settlers,"[11] Following the shelling, an infantry attack was launched, but it was "stopped in its tracks along the fence of the village by defenders' fire."[citation needed] That night a company from the Haganah's Golani Brigade "infiltrated into the village" [citation needed] to assist the Haganah militia who had repelled the attack. Mishmar HaEmek was shelled again all day on 5 April and Jewish reinforcements arrived during the following night. At the same time the 1st battalion of the Palmach began assembling at Ein Hashofet 3 miles (4.8 km) to the west.[12] Qawuqji also brought reinforcements from Jenin.[13]

On 7 April, a British unit suggested a ceasefire and the ALA "agreed to cease the attack" for 24 hours[14] and "called on the kibbutz to surrender its weapons and submit to Arab rule".[15] During this 24-hour period, the kibbutz was able to evacuate its women and children.[15] The ceasefire was rejected by David Ben-Gurion and the Haganah General Staff, who decided instead to launch a counter-attack "to clear the ALA and the local Arab inhabitants out of the area, and to level the villages in order to permanently remove the threat to Mishmar Ha'emek,"[16] and to make it more difficult for an invading force from Jenin to push through to Haifa.[17] "It began as a desperate Jewish defence and turned into a Haganah offensive conforming to Plan Dalet guidelines."[18]

The Jewish counter-offensive

Ghubayya al-Tahta, Mishmar HaEmek's closest neighbour to the south, Ghubayya al-Fauqa and Khirbet Beit Ras were captured on 8/9 April. Ghubayya al-Tahta was blown up immediately, the other two were blown up "piecemeal in the following days".[19][20] Most of the residents fled before or during the attacks. According to Qawuqji's memoirs, a "pitched battle" took place around these villages with "house to house fighting".[21] According to Morris, the ALA units "often retreated first, abandoning the villagers."[22] On 10 April Haganah units took Abu Shusha, a few hundred yards north of the kibbutz, expelling the remaining villagers and destroying the village that night.[23] On 12 April Palmach soldiers took Al-Kafrayn and Abu Zurayq, found no-one in the first village but took "fifteen adult males and some 200 women and children" captive in the second. The women and children were expelled.[24][25] 30 houses in Al-Kafrayn were blown up that day and some at Abu Zurayq that night. Abu Zurayq was completely destroyed by 15 April. On 12 April, al-Qawuqji and his troops were almost encircled and they had to withdraw in haste to Jenin.[26] During the night of 12–13 April Palmach units took the villages of Al-Mansi and Naghnaghiya which were blown up in the following days.[27] On 19 April Al-Kafrayn was used by a Palmach unit for training and then "blown up completely."[28] According to Benny Morris, "Most of the villagers reached the Jenin area and sheltered in makeshift tents."[29]

A Jewish Iraqi volunteer, Abdullah Dawud, fought on the Arab side as a sniper and later, after hiding his participation in the battle emigrated to Israel in 1950, a move he reportedly regretted all his life.[30][31] A month later, on 12 May, the Lehi launched an operation which cleared five villages west of Mishmar HaEmek.[32]

Aftermath

Villages cleared in Haganah counter-attack (red). Those captured on 12 May by Irgun marked by blue spots.

All of the Palestinian villages captured were destroyed shortly thereafter. Members of the left wing Mapam, to which Mishmar HaEmek was affiliated, were accused of hypocrisy in following months when they complained about the destruction of Arab villages, because it was said that in this case it was what they had called for.[33] On 14 April the Middle East scholar and member of Mapam, Eliezer Bauer (Be'eri), wrote in a letter partially quoted by Morris:

Of course in a cruel war such as we are engaged in, one cannot act with kid gloves. But there are still rules in war which a civilized people tries to follow... [Bauer focused on events in Abu Zureiq a day or two earlier.] When the village was conquered, the villagers tried to escape and save themselves by fleeing to the fields of the [Jezreel] Valley. Forces from nearby settlements sortied out and outflanked them. There were exchanges of fire in which several of these Arabs were killed. Others surrendered or were captured unarmed. Most were killed [i.e., murdered]. And these were not gang members as was later written in [the Mapam daily] Al Hamishmar but defenceless, beaten peasants. Only members of my kibbutz Hazorea took prisoners... Also in the village, when adult males were discovered hiding hours after the end of battle -they were killed... It is said that there were cases of rape, but it is possible that this is one of those made-up tales of "heroism" that soldiers are prone to. Of the property in the houses and farm animals left without minders, they took what they could: One took a kettle for coffee, another a horse, a third a cow...One may understand and justify, if they took cows from the village for Mishmar Ha'emek for example, or if soldiers who conquered the village would slaughter and fry chickens for themselves. But if every farmer from a nearby moshav [the allusion is to Yoqneam] takes part in looting, that is nothing but theft..."[34]

In early August, "The Committee for the Cultivation of Abandoned Lands" began the leasing of village land to Jewish settlements "for periods of six months to a year."[35]

Almost all forces available to the ALA took part in the attack on Mishmar HaEmek; it was their "final significant contribution" in the conflict.[36] Glubb Pasha, commander of the Transjordanian Arab Legion, described the ALA attack as a "fiasco" and wrote that after their defeat the ALA's "morale and enthusiasm waned (and) the Liberation Army became more interested in looting—often from the Arabs of Palestine".[37]

Notes

  1. ^ Kimche (1960B), p. 101–103
  2. ^ Morris, (1984). p.115. "The battle began on 4 April when the ALA shelled and attempted to take Mishmar Ha'emek...which the Haganah commanders regarded as one of the main likely routes for a major Arab attack on the Yishuv on or after 15 May."
  3. ^ Jewish National Fund (1949). Jewish Villages in Israel. Jerusalem: Hamadpis Liphshitz Press.
  4. ^ Chaim Herzog (1982). The Arab-Israeli wars: war and peace in the Middle East. Arms & Armour Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-85368-367-4.
  5. ^ Kimche, (1950), p.215
  6. ^ Larry Collins/Dominique Lapierre, O Jerusalem. History Book Club, London, (1972) (hb). p.281. They count seven 75 millimeter and three 105 millimeter guns.
  7. ^ "אילנה אפרתי זל". laad.btl.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-11-20.
  8. ^ "אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל". אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2022-11-20.
  9. ^ Kimche, (1950) p.215
  10. ^ "Dreidel that Keeps Alive Memories". ESRAmagazine. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
  11. ^ Kimche, (1960A). p.100
  12. ^ Herzog. p.27
  13. ^ Kimche, (1960A). p.101
  14. ^ Morris, (1984) p.115
  15. ^ a b Morris, (2004) p.240
  16. ^ Morris, (1984) p.116
  17. ^ Morris, (2004) p.241
  18. ^ Morris, (1987), p.115
  19. ^ Morris (1987), pp.116,158
  20. ^ Walid Khalidi (1992). All that Remains: the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9.
  21. ^ Memoirs 1948 (pub. 1972) translated in Journal of Palestine Studies (4): pp.27-58, quoted in "All that Remains", p.160
  22. ^ Morris, (2004) pp.241,242
  23. ^ Morris, (1987), pp.116,117. "Survey of villages": Population Abu Shusha = 720.
  24. ^ Morris, (1987), p.117. "Survey of villages": Populations: Al-Kafrayn = 920, Abu Zurayq = 550.
  25. ^ Morris, (2004) p.242
  26. ^ Herzog, p.28
  27. ^ "Survey of villages": Populations: Al-Mansi = 90, Naghnaghiya = 1,130.
  28. ^ Morris (1987), pp.117,159
  29. ^ Morris, (2004) p.242
  30. ^ Shay Hazkani, Dear Palestine:A Social History of the 1948, Stanford University Press 2021 ISBN 978-1-503-61465-9.
  31. ^ Josh Ruebner, 'Unsettling 1948: A Review of Shay Hazkani’s ‘Dear Palestine’,' Mondoweiss 24 June 2021
  32. ^ Morris (1987) p.117.
  33. ^ Morris (1987), pp.116,324
  34. ^ Morris, (2004). p.243, and note 610, p.297
  35. ^ Morris (1987), p.175
  36. ^ Ilan Pappé (1994-08-14). The making of the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1947-1951. I. B. Tauris. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-85043-819-9.
  37. ^ Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, K.C.B, C.M.G., D.S.O., O.B.E., M.C., "A Soldier with the Arabs". Hodder and Stoughton, London, (1957). p.80. A professional soldier's scorn for irregulars?

References

32°35′50.54″N 35°9′47.22″E / 32.5973722°N 35.1631167°E / 32.5973722; 35.1631167