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Banknotes of the Nigerian Naira
The Nigerian naira notes are the official banknotes of Nigeria, the currency of which is the Nigerian naira (NGN). The naira is subdivided into 100 kobo. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender in the country. HistoryThe history of Nigerian naira notes dates back to the introduction of the currency on 1 January 1973. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is responsible for issuing and regulating the circulation of Naira notes. The initial series of notes featured iconic Nigerian symbols and leaders.[1] [2][3] DenominationsThe Nigerian naira is available in various denominations, each featuring distinct designs and historical figures.[4] As of February 2023, the following denominations are in circulation: ₦5 NoteThe five naira note, characterised by its brown hue, features the prominent visage of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Nigeria's inaugural and sole prime minister within the federal government.[5] This denomination holds historical significance as it commemorates his leadership during the nation's formative years.[6] Adorning the reverse side of the note is a depiction of three traditional Yoruba drummers.[7] ₦10 NoteThe ten Naira note, distinguished by its orange tint, bears the likeness of Alvan Ikoku, a figure notable for his contributions to education in Nigeria. His representation on the note commemorates his pioneering efforts in establishing one of the earliest African-owned secondary schools, thus exemplifying the nation's commitment to educational development.[8] The reverse side of this denomination features two women carrying calabashes atop their heads, emblematic of northern Nigerian culture. This imagery underscores the role of cultural symbolism in Nigeria's banknote designs, encapsulating both historical and regional elements within the currency's visual language. ₦20 NoteGeneral Murtala Muhammad's countenance graces the twenty naira note, encapsulating his transformative impact during his tenure. As a leader who orchestrated significant changes, including the relocation of Nigeria's capital to Abuja, his inclusion on this note signifies his role in shaping the nation's administrative landscape.[9] The reverse of the note features Ladi Kwali, renowned for her mastery in pottery. This depiction of artistic accomplishment pays homage to Nigeria's cultural heritage and artistic traditions, aligning with the broader theme of celebrating national achievement on its currency. ₦50 NoteThe fifty naira note, presented in a blue hue, portrays four individuals adorned in attire representative of Nigeria's diverse cultures. This amalgamation of cultural symbolism aims to foster a sense of unity amidst the nation's rich ethnic diversity. A notable feature is the singular woman, signifying the pivotal role of women in Nigeria's social fabric.[10] The reverse side showcases three fishermen engaged in their labor. Named "WAZOBIA," a fusion of Nigeria's major languages, the note encapsulates linguistic unity. This design choice symbolizes the aspiration for a harmonious coexistence of Nigeria's linguistic and cultural plurality. ₦100 NoteChief Obafemi Awolowo, an influential advocate of independence, nationalism, and federalism, graces the front of the hundred naira note which was introduced in December 1999.[11] His statesmanship and commitment to Nigeria's growth and sovereignty are reflected in his portrayal on this denomination.[12] The reverse side underscores Nigeria's diversity by highlighting women from different cultural backgrounds. This imagery not only acknowledges women's contributions but also exemplifies the nation's intention to showcase its pluralistic societal fabric.[13] ₦200 NoteThe two-hundred naira note, with its cadet-grey tint, bears the likeness of Sir Ahmadu Bello, a prominent northern Nigerian leader during the struggle for independence. His presence on this note is a tribute to his pivotal role in advocating for Nigeria's self-governance.[14] The reverse side features an image of a pyramid composed of agricultural produce, fruits, and cattle. This portrayal resonates with Nigeria's agrarian roots and serves as an emblem of the nation's economic foundation.[15] ₦500 NoteThe five-hundred naira note, characterized by its bistre hue, prominently features Nnamdi Azikiwe, Nigeria's first president after achieving independence. His inclusion on this denomination symbolises his leadership during Nigeria's early post-colonial era.[14][16] On the reverse side, an offshore oil rig is depicted, underscoring Nigeria's reliance on crude oil as a vital component of its economy. This imagery provides insight into the nation's economic landscape and the sector that has significantly shaped its development.[17] ₦1000 NoteThe one-thousand naira note, radiating in gold tones, portrays the faces of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Clement Isong, the first and second indigenous governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria, respectively.[18] Their presence on this denomination commemorates their contributions to the nation's financial system.[19] The reverse side presents an image of the Central Bank of Nigeria's headquarters in Abuja, symbolizing the institution's central role in Nigeria's financial governance.[20] Design and featuresThe design of Nigerian naira notes is a blend of artistic representation and cultural heritage. The notes typically showcase notable Nigerian landmarks, historical figures, wildlife, and significant events. The front side of each note usually features a portrait of a prominent Nigerian personality, while the reverse side showcases scenes of cultural importance.[21][22] Incorporated within the design are various security features, such as holographic strips, watermarking, and microprinting, to deter counterfeiting. These features have evolved over the years to keep up with advancements in printing technology. RedesignIn 2022, the two-hundred, five-hundred and one-thousand naira notes were redesigned by the Central Bank of Nigeria.[23] Abuse of the nairaAbuse of the naira refers to the mistreatment of, mishandling of, or disrespect towards the Nigerian currency, the naira. This can include actions such as:
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) considers abuse of the naira a serious offense, as it can lead to a shortage of currency in circulation, increased costs for printing and replacing damaged notes, and a loss of confidence in the currency. The CBN has implemented measures to prevent the abuse of the naira, including:
In April 2024, a prominent Nigerian cross-dresser, Bobrisky, was arrested for defacing naira banknotes.[24] The arrest was made by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) after an investigation into social media videos that appeared to show Bobrisky throwing money in the air at a film premiere the previous month.[25] Bobrisky entered a guilty plea to four counts of currency abuse on April 5, 2024, and was sentenced to six months in prison with no option of fine on April 12, 2024.[26] In late 2024, the CBN fined banks for releasing new notes to hawkers[clarification needed] in an effort to clamp down on currency abuse.[27] Cultural depictionsNigerian naira notes play a significant role in reflecting the country's rich cultural diversity. The depictions of cultural symbols and historical figures on the notes serve as a means of promoting national identity and heritage.[28][29] Preservation and collectionCollecting Nigerian naira notes has gained popularity among numismatists and those interested in currency history. The unique designs, evolving security features, and historical significance of the notes make them sought-after items for collectors. See alsoReferences
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