Aureochromes

Aureochromes are blue light photoreceptors as well as transcription factors found only in stramenopiles so far.[1][2][3]

Description

It was first discovered in Vaucheria frigida in 2007, by Takahashi et.al. Photosynthetic eukaryotes mainly convert sunlight into energy via photosynthesis, but light also is important for movement and development, regulation of biological activities. The effective wavelength for light responses in photosynthetic eukaryotes is mainly in the red light (RL) and blue light (BL) regions (Mohr 1980; Furuya 1993). The red/far-red receptor phytochrome and phytochrome-mediated responses like suppression of hypocotyl growth have been studied intensively. BL-induced responses may include phototropism and chloroplast photo-relocation movement (Christie 2007). Various BL receptors have been discovered in green plants. Takahashi et.al isolated BL receptors from the Xanthophyceae alga, Vaucheria in 2007 and named it Aureochrome (Latin meaning: aureus = gold). This new class of blue light photoreceptors is unique in a way because of the presence of a bZIP (DNA binding domain) along with LOV (light perception) domain which makes it function as transcription factor as well as photoreceptor as shown by Takahashi et al. in 2007.

Four orthologues of aureochromes have been identified in model diatom P. tricornutum, i.e. AUREO 1a, 1b, 1c and 2. Aureo1a recognizes the sequence TGACGT, which is the typical binding site for certain subfamilies of bZIP transcription factors. It was also shown that PtAUREO1a and 1c are regulated in a light-independent circadian rhythm and that they are capable of forming homodimers and heterodimers which recognize the ACGT core sequence within the aureochrome.[4] The photoreactions of AUREO 1 protein have been studied recently by Tsuguyoshi et al (2011) and they concluded that the AUREO1-LOV exists in equilibrium between the monomer and dimer. Huysman et al. showed that Aureo1a is involved in regulation of expression of diatom-specific cyclin dsCYC2 which is involved in G1 to S phase transition after dark arrest in 2013. Aureo1a, indeed is shown to function as a repressor of high light acclimation.[5][6]

References

1. Takahashi, Fumio; Yamagata, Daisuke; Ishikawa, Mié; Fukamatsu, Yosuke; Ogura, Yasunobu; Kasahara, Masahiro; Kiyosue, Tomohiro; Kikuyama, Munehiro; Wada, Masamitsu (2007-12-04). "AUREOCHROME, a photoreceptor required for photomorphogenesis in stramenopiles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (49): 19625–19630. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707692104. PMC 2148339. PMID 18003911.
2. Kataoka, Hironao; Wada, Masamitsu; Kikuyama, Munehiro; Kiyosue, Tomohiro; Kasahara, Masahiro; Ogura, Yasunobu; Fukamatsu, Yosuke; Ishikawa, Mié; Yamagata, Daisuke (2007-12-04). "AUREOCHROME, a photoreceptor required for photomorphogenesis in stramenopiles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (49). PNAS, National Academy of Sciences: 19625–19630. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707692104. PMC 2148339. PMID 18003911.
3. Kroth, Peter G.; Wilhelm, Christian; Kottke, Tilman (2017). "An update on aureochromes: Phylogeny – mechanism – function". Journal of Plant Physiology. 217: 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.010. PMID 28797596.
4. Banerjee, Ankan; Herman, Elena; Serif, Manuel; Maestre-Reyna, Manuel; Hepp, Sebastian; Pokorny, Richard; Kroth, Peter G.; Essen, Lars-Oliver; Kottke, Tilman (2016). "Allosteric communication between DNA-binding and light-responsive domains of diatom class I aureochromes". Nucleic Acids Research. 44 (12): 5957–5970. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw420. PMC 4937327. PMID 27179025.
5. Serif, M.; Lepetit, B.; Weißert, K.; Kroth, P.G.; Rio Bartulos, C. (2017). "A fast and reliable strategy to generate TALEN-mediated gene knockouts in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum" (PDF). Algal Research. 23: 186–195. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2017.02.005.
6. Madhuri, S.; Río Bártulos, C.; Serif, M.; Lepetit, B.; Kroth, P.G. (2019). "A strategy to complement PtAUREO1a in TALEN knockout strains of Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Algal Research. 39: 101469. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2019.101469.

Further reading

• Takahashi, F.; Yamagata, D.; Ishikawa, M.; Fukamatsu, Y.; Ogura, Y.; Kasahara, M.; Kiyosue, T.; Kikuyama, M.; Wada, M.; Kataoka, H. (2007). "AUREOCHROME, a photoreceptor required for photomorphogenesis in stramenopiles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (49): 19625–19630. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707692104. PMC 2148339. PMID 18003911.
• Huysman, Marie J.J.; Fortunato, Antonio E.; Matthijs, Michiel; Costa, Benjamin Schellenberger; Vanderhaeghen, Rudy; Van Den Daele, Hilde; Sachse, Matthias; Inzé, Dirk; Bowler, Chris; Kroth, Peter G.; Wilhelm, Christian; Falciatore, Angela; Vyverman, Wim; De Veylder, Lieven (2013). "AUREOCHROME1a-Mediated Induction of the Diatom-Specific Cyclin dsCYC2 Controls the Onset of Cell Division in Diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum)". The Plant Cell. 25 (1): 215–228. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.106377. PMC 3584536. PMID 23292736.
• Banerjee, Ankan; Herman, Elena; Kottke, Tilman; Essen, Lars-Oliver (2016). "Structure of a Native-like Aureochrome 1a LOV Domain Dimer from Phaeodactylum tricornutum". Structure. 24 (1): 171–178. doi:10.1016/j.str.2015.10.022. PMID 26688213.