Art Looting Investigation Unit

"ALIU" redirects here. For people with the name Aliu, see Aliu.

The Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU) was an American special intelligence unit during World War II whose mission was to gather information and write reports about Nazi art looting networks. It was set up by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Composed of only a few handpicked men, the small unit conducted interrogations and investigations in Europe starting in 1944 and focusing mainly on Germany, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Their mission was different from but related to that of the Monuments Men. After the war, the reports the ALIU wrote were marked secret and forgotten for many years until the late 1990s when they began to be declassified .[1] The reports remain an important source for research into the history of the origin of works of art (provenance research) and for the restitution of looted art from the Nazi era.[2]

Creation of the ALIU

Justice Owen J. Roberts, who was chairman of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (the Roberts Commissions), initiated the creation of the ALIU to support both the Roberts Commission and the Monuments Men in the immense task of recovering and restituting artworks looted by the Nazis. . Administratively the ALIU belonged to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which was headed by Brig. Gen. William J. Donovan. It was officially authorized on November 21, 1944.[3] Its official mission was described as follows:

It will be the primary mission of the Art Looting Investigation Unit to collect and disseminate such information bearing on the looting, confiscation and transfer by the enemy of art properties in Europe, and on individuals or organizations involved in such operations or transactions, as will be of direct aid to the United States agencies empowered to effect restitution of such properties and prosecution of war criminals.

The mission of the ALIU intersected with that of other intelligence and military organisations that tracked Nazi assets and money and asset laundering networks of the Third Reich and its client states.[4]

ALIU members

The director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Francis Henry Taylor, was requested by the Roberts Commission to select art professionals to staff the Art Looting Investigation Unit. Taylor recruited Theodore Rousseau,[5][6] S. Lane Faison, James Plaut, Charles Sawyer, and John Phillips. Otto Wittmann Jr.[7] joined later. James S. Plaut was named director.[8] The ALIU also worked closely with local professionals, most notably Dutch Army Intelligence officer Captain Jan Vlug, who would author the Vlug Report. Rousseau was responsible for investigating the Goering Collection. Faison was in charge of investigating Hitler's planned Fuhremuseum at Linz, Austria and Plaut investigated the Nazi looting organisation known as the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), the Nazi looting organization.

The ALIU also helped investigate war crimes for prosecution. From June 10, 1945, until the spring of 1946, the ALIU conducted interrogations at Alt Aussee, Austria.

ALIU reports

The ALIU compiled information on over 2,000 individuals believed to have participated in art looting and drafted three sets of reports: Detailed Intelligence Reports (DIR),  Consolidated Interrogation Reports (CIR), and Final Report which contained a list of "Red Flag" names with brief summaries, accompanied by an index.[9] The authors of the reports were James Plaut, Theodore Rousseau, Lane Faison, Jan Vlug (Vlug report),[1] Otto Wittmann Jr. and Bernard Taper.[10]

Detailed Intelligence Reports

Consolidated Interrogation Reports (CIR).

  • No. 1  Activity of The Einsatzstab Rosenberg in France, August 1945 (57 pp and ca. 50 pp of appendices)[15]
  • No. 2  The Goering Collection, September 1945 (176 pp and ca. 150 pp of appendices)
  • No. 4  Linz: Hitler's Museum and Library, December 1945 (87 pp and ca. 200 pp of appendices)

Final Report

The Final Report contains an index of about one thousand "Red Flag Names". It was classified secret until the late 20th century. It is now available both online[16] and on NARA Microfilm Publications M1782, Roll 1, and M1944, Roll 22.

DIRs are available on NARA Microfilm Publications M1782, Roll 1, and M1944, Roll 94 or in a digital form.

CIRs are available on NARA Microfilm Publications M1782, Roll 1, and M1944, Rolls 94–95.  M1944 also includes records   relating to the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (The Roberts Commission) 1943–1946.

Unpublished reports

According to the National Archives, DIR No. 8 on Kajetan Muehlmann was not issued. DIR No.14 on the activities of Maria Dietrich was planned. It was not issued, but a full accounting of her activities was incorporated into Consolidated Interrogation Report No. 4.  Also, a DIR No. 15 on Rose Bauer, Muehlmann's secretary, was contemplated but not issued. CIR No. 3 on German methods of acquisition was planned but not issued.[16] The Vlug report on Nazi looting in the Netherlands was also not issued.[17]

Literature

  • Tanja Bernsau: Spione für den Kulturgüterschutz – Die Art Looting Investigation Unit, Akademiker-Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-330-51011-1.
  • Art Looting Investigation Unit: ALIU Reports 1945-1946, National Archives (NARA) Fold3 WWII OSS Art Looting Investigation Reports, https://www.fold3.com/browse/114/hvMxROzkd.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Reports". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  2. ^ "War Department. Office of the Assistant Secretary of War. Strategic Services Unit. Art Looting Investigation Unit. 9/1945-ca. 10/1946 Organization Authority Record". catalog.archives.gov. National Archives. Archived from the original on 2022-01-30. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  3. ^ "OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Reports". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  4. ^ "OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Reports". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2022-12-28. The ALIU was established at a time when it had become apparent that the Germans intended to proceed with plans for subversive action after the cessation of hostilities, and were making arrangements for a supply of funds during the post-hostilities period. Various sorts of treasure, in the form of items of small bulk but great value (e.g., jewels, paintings, objets d'art), which could be converted into money, had been stolen or otherwise acquired and were being secretly stored in various places in Europe.
  5. ^ "Rousseau, Lt. Theodore, Jr. | Monuments Men and Women | Monuments Men Foundation". MonumentsMenWomenFnd. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  6. ^ Lichtenstein, Grace (1974-01-02). "Theodore Rousseau Dies at 61; Vice Director of Met Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  7. ^ "Wittmann, Maj. Otto, Jr. | Monuments Men and Women | Monuments Men Foundation". MonumentsMenWomenFnd. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  8. ^ Archives, US National (2014-01-16). "An Office of Strategic Services Monuments Man: S. Lane Faison". The Text Message. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  9. ^ "Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU) Reports Name Index" (PDF).
  10. ^ "Otto Wittmann papers relating to the Art Looting Investigation Unit of the United States Office of Strategic Services". oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  11. ^ "DETAILED INTERROGATION REPORT NO 4, 15 August 1945 Subject Gustav Rochlitz" (PDF). 2019-12-08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  12. ^ OPFICE OF STRATRGIC SERVICES ART LOOTING lNVESTIGATION UNIT APO 413 u.s. ARMY (2015-12-31). "Detailed Interrogation Report No. 6, Subject: Bruno Lohse" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-31. Retrieved 2022-12-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Rousseau, Theodore (1945-09-15). "Detailed Interrogation Report No. 11, subject Walter Bornheim" (PDF). dfs.ny.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  14. ^ "Detailed Interrogation Report No. 13, Subject: Karl Haberstock" (PDF). 1946-05-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
  15. ^ ALIU. "activity_einsatzstab_rosenberg_france_01" (PDF). dfs.ny.gov/. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  16. ^ a b "Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945-1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  17. ^ "Vlug Report 25 December 1945". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2022-01-30.