|
Armies of the Rus' principalitiesThe armies of the Rus' principalities emerged in the 13th century out of the military of Kievan Rus', shattered by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'. The princely Rus' armies from 1240 to 1550 were characterised by feudalism, consisting of cavalry armies of noble militia and their armed servants. Before the Mongol invasionBefore Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, a Rus' prince would be accompanied by his druzhina, a small retinue of heavy cavalry,[1] who would often fight dismounted (eq. Battle on the Ice). Massively heavy armor was used, mostly Scandinavian-style.[2] However, these squads, as a rule, did not exceed the number of several hundred men, and were unsuitable for united actions under a single command.[3] At the same time, the main part of the Kievan Rus' army was the militia infantry. It was inferior to Druzhina in armament and the ability to own it. The militia used axes and hunting spears ("rogatina"). Swords were rarely used, and they had no armor other than plain clothes and fur hats.[1] For the infantry, consisted of poorly armed peasants and tradesmen, numbers are uncertain. The only specific numbers mentioned for the Rus are 1,700 men of Evpaty Kolovrat[4] (The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan) and 3,000, men under Voivode Dorozh [5] (Battle of the Sit River). However, these were exceptionally large numbers for Rus standards at the time. In 1242, Prince Alexander Nevski in Novgorod could muster no more than 1,000 Druzhina and 2,000 militia for the Battle on the Ice.[6] Feudal fragmentation After Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' many independent principalities were destroyed. Remaining petty states were under growing pressure from Tatars, Sweden and Lithuania. Constant warfare precipitated the development of feudalism, and diminished the importance of the Veche.[7] The feudal militia, raised by the Boyars-landowners and individual princes, came to replace popular militia. Princes (except in the Novgorod Republic) gathered and commanded the army.[citation needed]
Tactics and equipment During the period of the Mongol invasions, the Rus adopted much of Mongol military tactics and organization. While militia infantry still existed, they were, from XIV onward, mostly armed with ranged weapons, and delegated auxiliary duties, such as defending cities. The chronicles describe the Muscovites using arquebuses against the Tatars in 1480.[8] The men shooting these weapons were the forerunners of the Streltsy.[citation needed] The bulk of the army were mounted archers,[8] who included Boyars, landed gentry ("Boyars' children") and armed slaves.[citation needed]
Military of Novgorod
Like other Russian states, the military of Novgorod consisted of a levy and the prince's retinue (druzhina).[10] While potentially all free Novgorodians could be mobilised, in reality the number of recruits depended on the level of danger faced by Novgorod. The professional formations included the retinues of the archbishop and prominent boyars, as well as the garrisons of fortresses.[11] Firearms were first mentioned in 1394,[12] and in the 15th century, fortress artillery was used,[13] and cannons were installed on ships.[14] Landed Army of MuscovyIn the 15th century, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually conquered and annexed the northeastern Rus' principalities. This process is associated with reforming the Muscovite army, as new princedoms were absorbed, courts of independent princes were dismissed, and "service people" passed to the grand duke. As a result, the vassal princes and boyars were transformed into state servants, who received estates for service in conditional holding (less often - in fiefdom). Thus, the "Landed Army" (Russian: Поместное войско) was formed, the bulk of which were noblemen and "boyar's children", with their armed slaves. This army organization would remain unchanged till 1550 (military reforms of Ivan the Terrible).[citation needed] In the process of Muscovite state-building, the people's militia was abolished. The prince called the masses to military service only in the event of serious military danger, regulating the extent and nature of this service at his own discretion.[citation needed] Gallery
References
Bibliography
|
