Apollo 11 in popular culture

The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969, stating 'The Eagle Has Landed—Two Men Walk on the Moon'.
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Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was the first human spaceflight to land on the Moon. The 1969 mission's wide effect on popular culture has resulted in numerous portrayals of Apollo 11 and its crew, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins.

Public reception

The mission was extensively covered in the press. Over 53.5 million US households tuned in to watch the Apollo 11 mission across the two weeks it was on TV, making it the most watched TV programming up to that date. An estimated 650 million viewers worldwide watched the first steps on the Moon.[1][2][3]

After their return, the astronauts went on what was called the "Giant Leap" tour, visiting 23 countries in 38 days.[4] Starting in Mexico City, where they donned sombreros and were given a second parade, their tour took them through South America, to Spain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Germany, England, and Vatican City.[4] After a rest in the U.S. embassy in Rome they went on to Turkey and Africa.[4] In Zaire, Buzz Aldrin leaped over the barricade between him and some entertainers and joined in with their dancing.[4]

Missing from the tour was Hungary, which rejected the United States's invitation to host the astronauts.[5] Relations between Hungary and the United States were strained at the time over the non-return by the U.S. of the Crown of St Stephen.[5]

Stamps

Further information: Apollo 11 anniversaries

Many countries have issued stamps commemorating the mission.

The United States issued a US$2.40 stamp commemorating the 20th anniversary in 1989, a stamp for the 25th anniversary, and a 33¢ stamp commemorating the 30th anniversary in 1999.[6][7] The 20th anniversary stamp caused some concern when it was issued, as the law forbade living people from being depicted on stamps, and the image was of two astronauts planting a U.S. flag on the Moon.[7] However, it was never actually officially stated by the USPS that the figures were specifically Armstrong and Aldrin, and not just generic astronaut figures.[7] Other stamps issued included a 10¢ stamp on 1969-09-09 showing an astronaut descending a ladder from a lunar module, and the US$9.95 anniversary stamp issued in 1994.[7] The 1969 stamp art was by Paul Calle, the 1989 art by his son, and the 1994 one by both.[8]

The postal service of Eire issued a commemorative €1 stamp for the 50th anniversary in 2019, but misspelled the word "gealach" (Gaelic for "Moon") as "gaelach" ("Irish"), an accidental transposition during design that was not caught in proof.[9] The USPS issued two 50th anniversary stamps as part of its "Forever" collection, one a photograph of the Moon with the landing site marked, and the other one of Armstrong's pictures of Aldrin.[10]

The astronauts themselves had, before the mission, signed what were called "insurance covers", stamped envelopes that were essentially life insurance in the form of memorabilia that family members could sell off in the events of the astronauts' deaths.[11] This practice would continue through to Apollo 16.[12]

Armstrong and Aldrin also cancelled a commemorative stamp whilst on the surface of the Moon.[13] Originally, they were to have done this reciting pre-scripted dialogue that had been supplied by USPS public relations.[13] But the supplied script was lengthy and stilted, the Washington Post commenting that it would have lasted "for the better part of one orbit of the moon" and resulted in "a veritable barrage of phone calls from a flabbergasted public", and NASA decided that the astronauts had enough to do; so the stamping was without ceremony.[13]

Songs

The first song played from the surface of the Moon, chosen by Aldrin, was Quincy Jones's and Frank Sinatra's version of "Fly Me to the Moon".[14] The BBC had used a hurriedly re-recorded version of David Bowie's "Space Oddity" for its news coverage of the landing, but did not play the song again until the mission was over, because of the way that the song lyrics ended.[15]

Movies

Contemporary movies that did well because of the public's interest in the Moon landing were 2001: A Space Odyssey, Barbarella, and Planet of the Apes.[16][17]

Acknowledgments and monuments

The United States of America acknowledged the success of Apollo 11 with a national day of celebration on Monday, July 21, 1969.[18] All but emergency and essential employees were allowed a paid day off from work, in both government[19] and the private sector. The last time this had happened was the national day of mourning on Monday, November 25, 1963, to observe the state funeral of President John F. Kennedy, who had set the political goal to put a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s and bring him back to Earth safely.

A replica of the footprint left by Neil Armstrong is located at Tranquillity Park in Houston, Texas.[20] The park was dedicated in summer of 1979, a decade after the first Moon landing. In 2019 Buzz Aldrin's well-known photograph of his own footprint was depicted on the Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins.[21]

The Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia was named after the flight upon its successful return to Earth.[22]

Portrayal in media

Films and television

  • The 1969 documentary film, Footprints on the Moon by Bill Gibson and Barry Coe, is about the Apollo 11 mission.[23]
  • The 1971 documentary Moonwalk One is a film by Theo Kamecke.[24]
  • Footage of the landing famously introduced viewers to MTV in 1981, and served as its top and bottom of the hour identifier during the cable channel's early years. MTV producers Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert used this public domain footage to associate MTV with the most famous moment in worldwide television history.[25][26] MTV also pays tribute to the classic ID by handing out astronaut statuettes (or "Moonmen") at its annual Video Music Awards.
  • There is a brief mention of the Moon landing in the first season of the original Star Trek series in the episode "Tomorrow is Yesterday" in early 1967.
  • In the 1995 film Apollo 13, based on the real mission, Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, Fred Haise, Ken Mattingly, Pete Conrad, and Marilyn Lovell gather in the Lovell household to watch Neil Armstrong's Apollo 11 moonwalk. Later in the film, as the crew pass around the Moon, Haise points out that they're passing over the Mare Tranquillitatis and refers to it as "Neil and Buzz's old neighborhood". Armstrong and Aldrin talk to and distract Lovell's mother as she watches news reports of her son's endangered mission.
  • The 1996 television docudrama Apollo 11 filmed some of its scenes in the original Apollo Mission Control Center.[27]
  • Portions of the Apollo 11 mission are dramatized in the 1998 HBO mini-series From the Earth to the Moon in the "Mare Tranquilitatis" episode.
  • Man on the Moon, a 2006 television opera in one act by Jonathan Dove with a libretto by Nicholas Wright, relates the story of the Apollo 11 Moon landing and the subsequent problems experienced by Buzz Aldrin.[28]
  • The 2009 television film Moonshot depicts the preparation for the Apollo 11 mission.[29]
  • The Apollo 11 mission is used as a backdrop and plot device in the Doctor Who two-parter[30] "The Impossible Astronaut"/"Day of the Moon".[31]
  • The Apollo 11 mission is used as part of the main story line in the 2011 film Transformers: Dark of the Moon. The movie described the mission and the main reason for the Apollo program's existence as a means to investigate an alien landing on the far side of the Moon.[32] Aldrin has a brief cameo in the film.[33]
  • In the 2012 film Men in Black 3, Apollo 11 was used by Agent K to carry the Arc Net (a shield that protects Earth from Alien invasion) to space. The three astronauts see the Men in Black fighting the alien villain from the cockpit, but Buzz Aldrin realizes that if they report this to Mission Control the launch will be aborted. Armstrong nonchalantly responds to Aldrin that "I didn't see anything", and Michael Collins apparently agreed as well.[34]
  • The last episode of the 2015 television series The Astronaut Wives Club, "Landing", features the Apollo 11 mission.[35]
  • In Ready Jet Go!'s 2016 episode, "Earth Mission to Moon", Jet, Sean, Sydney, Mindy, Celery, and Carrot, re-enact the Apollo 11 mission. Jet, Sean, and Sydney portray the Apollo 11 astronauts, and Carrot and Mindy depict the people at Mission Control. In this re-enactment, Sean plays Neil Armstrong.[36]
  • The Apollo 11 mission appears in the 2016 season 1 episode "Space Race" of the NBC series Timeless. In the episode, Lucy, Wyatt, and Rufus travel to the day of the mission, July 20, 1969, to stop Garcia Flynn from interfering with the mission. After Flynn's helper, Anthony Bruhl, launches a modern-day virus against NASA, which prevents the staff from communicating with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, Rufus and Lucy get help from Mathematician Katherine Johnson to stop the virus and Flynn before it is too late.[37]
  • The 2018 film First Man depicts Armstrong and Aldrin as they prepare for, and then accomplish, the Apollo 11 mission.[38]
  • The 2019 documentary Apollo 11 is a film by Todd Douglas Miller with restored footage of the 1969 event.[39][40]
  • 1969, a 2019 documentary series, devotes its first episode, "Moon Shot", to the Apollo 11 mission.[41]
  • "Moondust", the 2019 seventh episode of the third season of the Netflix series The Crown, includes extensive scenes of the British royal family watching the original BBC coverage of the Apollo 11 mission. It also includes a fictionalized portrayal of the private meeting of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with the Apollo 11 crew during their visit to Buckingham Palace, and the prince's admiration for the Apollo astronauts.[42][43]
  • Chasing the Moon, a July 2019 PBS three-night six-hour documentary, directed by Robert Stone, examines the events leading up to the Apollo 11 mission,[44] the mission itself, and its legacy.
  • The 2023 film Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny takes place in 1969 and the New York parade for the Apollo 11 crew is directly related to the plot.[45]
  • The 2024 film Fly Me to the Moon focuses on the Apollo 11 mission, telling the fictional story of a marketing specialist tasked with filming a staged version of the moon landing should the real one be unsuccessful.

Music

Video games

  • In the Touhou Project series, the Apollo 11 crew's arrival and subsequent planting of the American flag on the lunar surface (hence 'claiming' it) is interpreted by the inhabitants of the Moon as an invasion, provoking the 'Lunar War'. The lunarians engage in acts of sabotage, by which they succeed in preventing humans from establishing a foothold on the Moon.
  • Team Fortress 2's Pyromania Update Day 1's blogpost mentions the Apollo 11 mission was delayed by three years when Buzz Aldrin suplexed Neil Armstrong into a pile of folding chairs at an event called 'Astromania'.[48]

Folklore

See also: Moon landing conspiracy theories in popular culture and Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings

Soon after the mission a conspiracy theory arose that the landing was a hoax, a theory widely discounted by historians and scientists.[49][50][51] It may have gained more popularity after the 1978 film Capricorn One portrayed a fictional NASA attempt to fake a landing on Mars.[52]

There is a humorous and ribald urban legend that when Armstrong was a child, the wife of a neighbor named Gorsky, when asked by her husband to perform oral sex, had ridiculed him by saying "...when the kid next door walks on the Moon!" and then decades later while walking on the Moon, Armstrong supposedly said "Good luck, Mr. Gorsky". In 1995 Armstrong said he first heard the story in California when comedian Buddy Hackett told it as a joke.[53] A short film based on the legend was released in 2011.[54]

Broadcasting

A 1970 United States congressional hearing noted that "all countries which had the technical capability of telecasting Apollo 11 live did so."[55]

United States

All three major American broadcast networks, CBS, NBC and ABC had live coverage of the Moon landing. In the United States, 94 percent of people watching television were tuned into the event.[56]

Britain

Main article: British television Apollo 11 coverage

British television coverage of the Apollo 11 mission lasted from 16 to 24 July 1969 on all three UK television channels, BBC1, BBC2 and ITV. Most of the footage covering the event from a British perspective has now been wiped or lost.[57][58]

New Zealand

By the time of the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969, the two islands were each network-capable via microwave link, but the link over Cook Strait had not been completed, and there was no link between New Zealand and the outside world. Footage of the Moon landing was recorded on video tape at the Australian Broadcasting Commission's ABN-2 in Sydney, then rushed by an RNZAF English Electric Canberra to Wellington and WNTV1.[59] To forward this to the South Island, the NZBC positioned one of its first outside broadcasting vans to beam the footage to a receiving dish across Cook Strait, from which it was forwarded through the recently commissioned South Island network.

Eastern Bloc countries

When the Apollo 11 landing occurred some Eastern Bloc countries (Soviet Union, North Korea and the People's Republic of China) did not broadcast live television footage of it.[60]

Eastern Bloc countries in Europe which covered the Moon landing on television were: Yugoslavia, Romania,[61] Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia.[62]

Africa

Morocco, Libya and Tunisia played live news coverage of the event.[55]

India

Indian electronic media of that era was largely confined to radio. It is reported that the broadcasts were not synchronous with the Apollo 11 flight. For example, the AIR Madras radio service, which was relaying from the Voice of America’s commentary on the Apollo 11 take-off on 16 July, cut off its relay “exactly at 7pm. Whereas the take-off took place only at 7.02pm." The radio service instead switched to Thirai Ganam—a film songs programme.[63]

See also

References

Cross references

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  5. ^ a b Maksel 2014.
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  7. ^ a b c d NPM & 1.
  8. ^ NPM & 2.
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  10. ^ Carter 2019.
  11. ^ Cavallaro 2018, pp. 286, 291.
  12. ^ Dixey 2008, p. 60.
  13. ^ a b c AA 1971, p. 232.
  14. ^ Henry 2013, p. 65.
  15. ^ Fournier 2014, p. 213.
  16. ^ Hayward 2013, p. 74.
  17. ^ Llinares 2011, p. 151.
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  58. ^ Cite error: The named reference existing2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  60. ^ "Reporting from the other side of the Iron Curtain". FAU. August 15, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
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  62. ^ NASA Authorization for Fiscal Year 1971 Hearings, Ninety-First Congress, Second Session on S. 3374. United States Government Printing Office. 1970. p. 1031.
  63. ^ "Dream of ages comes true". livemint.com. Live Mint. Retrieved 15 October 2024.

Bibliography

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  • "Irish moon landing stamp spells 'moon' wrong". BBC News. 2019-07-23.
  • Carter, Jamie (2019-03-21). "Buzz Aldrin Dominates Apollo 11 First Moon Landing Stamps But Can You Spot First Man Neil Armstrong?". Forbes.
  • Astronautics and Aeronautics. United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1971. NASA SP-4016.
  • Henry, Clarence Bernard (2013). Quincy Jones: His Life in Music. American Made Music. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781617038624.
  • Fournier, Isabelle (2014). "From "Space Oddity" to Canadian reality". In Weiss, Allan (ed.). The Canadian Fantastic in Focus: New Perspectives. McFarland. ISBN 9780786495924.
  • Hayward, Philip (2013). "Whimsical complexity: Music and Sound Design in The Clangers". In Donnelly, Kevin J.; Hayward, Philip (eds.). Music in Science Fiction Television: Tuned to the Future. Routledge. ISBN 9780415641074.
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