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Aphanothece
Aphanothece is a polyphyletic genus with 63 accepted species.[1] The name is derived from the Greek words, ‘aphanes’ and ‘theke’ which mean “invisible" and “box or sheath” respectively.[2] This genera is cosmopolitan, found in soils, thermal springs[1] and other benthic, freshwater, marine, hypersaline, and moist terrestrial environments.[2] Morphology can vary,[3] with both microscopic and macroscopic colonies large enough to be collected and preserved in herbarium records.[2] MorphologyThe formerly combined genera Aphanothece and Anathece can be differentiated by the size of cells, ecology and colony morphology. Anathece rarely forms colonies large enough to see and has much smaller cells, while Aphanothece can have colonies several cm in diameter and tends to have larger cells. Aphanothece species occupy a broader range of microhabitats that can be planktonic, subaerophytic, metaphytic, epipelic, or benthic. While benthic Anathece have been reported, they are typically planktonic. Anathece colonies are less defined and colorless, Aphanothece colonies and mucilage can be found in shades of green, grey, blue, brown and yellow.[3][1] Ecology and HabitatAphanothece species live in freshwater ponds, lakes and coastal brackish environments.[4] Some species are able to live in extremely thermophilic environments such as hot water springs.[4] Aphanothece species also live in soil and on wet rocks, these species form sediments on the marine coasts.[5] In oil industry waste water, 40 species of algae including Aphanothece were observed to be growing in this environment by using organic molecules as nutrients in the summer and winter months.[6] TaxonomyAphanothece is a genus of cyanobacteria with complex taxonomy. Previously, the genus was only delineated morphologically since it was first described by Carl Nägeli in 1849, with Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli as the type species.[1] By some accounts the genus has 29 accepted species,[1] but work on the taxa since the 1990s reassigned species and divided the genus into three subgenera based on morphological and molecular methods: Aphanothece, Anathece and Cyanogastrum, which were later separated into their own genera.[3] In the most recent work on the classification of cyanobacteria orders and families, Anathece was moved to the Prochlorococcaceae family as its own genus.[7] A formal review of every species in the taxa has not been conducted,[7] as such a list of the 63 taxonomically accepted species in the AlgaeBase database are as follows, but are likely to change as more research is conducted.[1] SpeciesAnacystis thermalis J.J.Copeland Aphanothece atrocrustacea Skuja Aphanothece bacilloidea N.L.Gardner Aphanothece biceps Skuja Aphanothece botryosa Obuchova Aphanothece bullosa (Meneghini) Rabenhorst Aphanothece cancellata Zalessky Aphanothece castagnei (Kützing) Rabenhorst Aphanothece coacervata N.M.Lemes-da-Silva, L.H.Zanini-Branco & O.Necchi Jr. Aphanothece coerulescens A.Braun Aphanothece cohenii Campbell & Golubic Aphanothece comasii J.Komárková-Legnerová & R.Tavera Aphanothece conferta P.Richter Aphanothece conglomerata F.Rich Aphanothece cretaria Frémy Aphanothece curvata Lagerheim Aphanothece cylindracea (N.L.Gardner) Komárek & Anagnostidis Aphanothece densa N.M.Lemes da Silva, L.H.Zanini Branco & O.Necchi Jr. Aphanothece desikacharyi Hindák Aphanothece distans Zalessky Aphanothece elabens (Meneghini) Elenkin Aphanothece excentrica N.M.Lemes da Silva, L.H.Zanini Branco & O.Necchi Jr. Aphanothece floccosa (Zalessky) Cronberg & Komárek Aphanothece gardneri G.De Toni Aphanothece goetzei Schmidle Aphanothece granulosa (N.L.Gardner) Komárek & Komákova-Legnerová Aphanothece halophytica Frémy Aphanothece hardersii Schiller Aphanothece hegewaldii Kovácik Aphanothece heterospora Rabenhorst Aphanothece krumbeinii Campbell & Golubic Aphanothece lemnae H.-J.Chu Aphanothece longior Naumann Aphanothece margaritacea (Kützing) Forti Aphanothece marina (Ercegovic) Komárek & Anagnostidis Aphanothece maritima J.R.Johansen & Flechtner Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli Aphanothece microspora (Meneghini) Rabenhorst Aphanothece minor Frémy Aphanothece naegelii Wartmann Aphanothece nebulosa Skuja Aphanothece nidulans P.Richter Aphanothece nostocopsis Skuja Aphanothece opalescens N.L.Gardner Aphanothece pallida (Kützing) Rabenhorst Aphanothece paralleliformis Cronberg Aphanothece protohydrae Häyrén Aphanothece pseudoglebulenta Joosten Aphanothece rubra Liebetanz Aphanothece sacrum (Suringar) Okada Aphanothece salina Elenkin & A.N.Danilov Aphanothece saxicola Nägeli Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) A.Braun Aphanothece subsalina Komárek et Komárková-Legnerová Aphanothece thermicola Hindák Aphanothece trentepohlii Grunow Aphanothece uliginosa W.R.Taylor Aphanothece utahensis Tilden Aphanothece vaginata N.M.Lemes da Silva, L.H.Zanini Branco & O.Necchi Jr. Aphanothece variabilis (J.Schiller) Komárek Aphanothece zulanirae Werner & Sant'Anna References
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