Arnett, R. H. Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley and J. H. Frank. (eds.). (21 June 2002). American Beetles, Volume II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida ISBN978-0-8493-0954-0.
Ross H. Arnett (30 July 2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. ISBN978-0-8493-0212-1.
Richard E. White. (1983). Peterson Field Guides: Beetles. Houghton Mifflin Company.