Anarchism in Bangladesh has its roots in the ideas of the Bengali Renaissance and began to take influence as part of the revolutionary movement for Indian independence in Bengal. After a series of defeats of the revolutionary movement and the rise of state socialist ideas within the Bengali left-wing, anarchism went into a period of remission. This lasted until the 1990s, when anarchism again began to reemerge after the fracturing of the Communist Party of Bangladesh, which led to the rise of anarcho-syndicalism among the Bangladeshi workers' movement.
Bengal was largely stateless until the 6th century BCE, when the later Vedic Period gave way to the rule of the Mahajanapadas, with the Vanga Kingdom coming to rule over the Gangaridai region. Bengal subsequently was ruled by a succession of Hindu and Buddhist empires before the conquests of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji eventually introduced Islam to the region.[1] In the 14th century, the Bengal Sultanate was established as an independent power, but it was later conquered by the Mughal Empire, which established the Bengal Subah in the sultanate's place. By the 18th century, Bengal began to regain independence under the Nawabs and subsequently underwent an industrial revolution. But the region soon became a locus for European colonial powers, with the British East India Company eventually annexing Bengal into the British Empire, bringing it under the rule of the Bengal Presidency.
Bengali Renaissance
In the early 19th century, the Bengali Renaissance began to spread throughout the Bengali community,[2] beginning with the establishment of the Atmiya Sabha discussion circle in Kolkata by Ram Mohan Roy. The group promoted free thinking and fought for social reforms such as the abolition of the sati, polygamy, child marriage and the caste system,[3] setting the groundwork for the early feminist movement.[4] In 1828, Ram Mohan Roy and Debendranath Tagore founded the Brahmo Samaj religious movement, which initially aimed at reforming Hinduism, but later broke from Hindu orthodoxy entirely.
[L]ook at those who call themselves anarchists, who resent the imposition of power, in any form whatever, upon the individual. The only reason for this is that power has become too abstract—it is a scientific product made in the political laboratory of the Nation, through the dissolution of personal humanity.[6]
Bengali revolutionary movement
Aurobindo Ghose, a founder of the Bengali revolutionary movement in the early 20th centuryHemchandra Kanungo (Hem Das), an independence activist that received chemical training from anarchists in Europe
In the wake of an assassination attempt on the Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, the Alipore Bomb Case was opened, in which a number of members of the Anushilan Samiti were accused of conspiracy to "wage war against the Government". This experience led one of the accused, Sri Aurobindo, to withdraw from political activity in Bengal and moved to Pondicherry, where he dedicated himself to practicing a form of spirituality and philosophy which has been described as "radical anarchism".[10]
Bagha Jatin subsequently rose to the Jugantar leadership and developed a decentralised federated body of loose autonomous regional cells, which began to organize a series of actions throughout Bengal "to revive the confidence of the people in the movement",[11] Jatin undertook the armed robbery of banks using automobiles, 3 years before the similar crime spree committed by the Bonnot Gang.[12] After a number of assassinations attempts against colonial officials, the Governor-General of IndiaGilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound declared that: "a spirit hitherto unknown to India has come into existence (...), a spirit of anarchy and lawlessness which seeks to subvert not only British rule but the Governments of Indian chiefs..."[13][14] Jatin was eventually arrested in connection with the Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case and immediately suspended armed activity following his acquittal. Nevertheless, further assassinations were undertaken, with members of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinating two police officers in Mymensingh and Barisal.
Despite the repression, the British colonial authorities were unable to stop the revolutionary activity, so they conceded to revert the partition in 1911,[15] reuniting the region under the Bengal Presidency.[16] But many Bengali revolutionaries had already been forced to flee from persecution by the British authorities, one of which was Tarak Nath Das, who joined Har Dayal in attempting organize Indian emigrants and educate them on anarchist ideas, going on to establish the Ghadar Movement.
During World War I, members of the Ghadar movement, Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar attempted to organize a mutiny against British rule. Jugantar seized arms from the Rodda company and used them to commit robberies in Kolkata. During the revolt, Bagha Jatin was killed in a firefight with police, while Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were caught up in the ensuing repression, which led to the widespread arrest, internment, deportation and execution of Bengali revolutionaries.[17] After the war, the government instituted the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, which extended the state of emergency, allowing the British authorities to carry out the preventive indefinite detention and incarceration without trial of people perceived to be part of the revolutionary movement.[18] This largely drove the Bengali revolutionary movement underground, with many of its leaders fleeing to Burma to escape the repression.[19]
Attacks by the Bengali revolutionary movement continued into the early 1930s. In April 1930, Surya Sen led a group of revolutionaries in a raid on the police armory in Chittagong,[21] while in December 1930, the Bengal Volunteers launched an attack on the Writers' Building. However, the revolutionary movement largely subsided by 1934, with the Samiti and Jugantar being dissolved shortly after. During the late 1930s, many Bengali revolutionaries became increasingly attracted to Marxism-Leninism, leading to the formation of the Revolutionary Socialist Party from remnants of the Samiti. By this time, anarchist ideas had lost their remaining influence in the Bengali revolutionary movement.
The Communist Party participated in the opposition movement to the military rule of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, which finally came to an end in 1990.[31] The restoration of parliamentarism[32] brought with it the renewal of political freedoms for the Bangladeshi left-wing. But this also brought with it a crisis for the Communist Party, which now came to reckon with the Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc. The party fractured into a number of factions, one of which advocated the dissolution of the Communist Party and the reconstruction of the Bangladeshi left-wing along more democratic and libertarian lines.
In the 2000s, anarchist ideas began to spread throughout the Bangladesh workers' movement, particularly among workers in the tea and garment sectors. The National Garment Workers Federation, which had formed contact with foreign anarcho-syndicalist federations including the Industrial Workers of the World, began to gain more prominence and organized a number of mass strikes among garment workers. But it gradually began to shift away from workers' self-organization and wildcat actions, towards more bureaucratic means of trade union management.[33] The rise of anarcho-syndicalist practices had also led to the formation of the first workers' council among tea workers.[34] This surge of anarcho-syndicalism in the country culminated on May 1, 2014, with the establishment of the Bangladesh Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation (BASF),[34] which has the ultimate aim of creating a society based on liberty, mutual aid, federalism and self-management.[35] The federation is affiliated with the IWA-AIT and is particularly active in organizing tea and garment workers.[36]
^Bandyopadyay, Brahendra N. (1933) Rommohan Roy. London: University Press, p. 351.
^Chaudhuri, Maitrayee. Feminism in India (Issues in Contemporary Indian Feminism) New York: Zed, 2005.
^Radhakrishnan, M.; Roychowdhury, D. (2003). ""Nationalism is a Great Menace" Tagore and Nationalism". In Patrick Colm Hogan; Lalita Pandit (eds.). Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 29–40. ISBN9780838639801. OCLC635928985.
^Morton, Stephen (2013), States of Emergency: Colonialism, Literature and Law, Liverpool University Press, p. 80, ISBN978-1-84631-849-8
^Heehs, Peter (2010), "Revolutionary Terrorism in British Bengal", in Boehmer, Elleke; Morton, Stephen (eds.), Terror and the Postcolonial, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 171–172, ISBN978-1-4051-9154-8
^Ahamed, Emajuddin (1 January 1978). "Development Strategy in Bangladesh: Probable Political Consequences". Asian Survey. 18 (11). University of California Press: 1168–1180. doi:10.2307/2643299. JSTOR2643299.
^Planning Commission (November 1973). The First Five Year Plan (1973-78). Dacca: Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. pp. 48–49. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
Questa voce sugli argomenti allenatori di calcio britannici e calciatori scozzesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Ian Redford Nazionalità Scozia Calcio Ruolo Allenatore (ex centrocampista) Termine carriera 1995 - calciatore 1994 - allenatore CarrieraSquadre di club1 1976-1980 Dundee85 (34)1980-1985 Rangers171 (23)1985-1988 Dundee Utd101 (20)1988-1991 Ipswich …
Natural number ← 57 58 59 → ← 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →Cardinalfifty-eightOrdinal58th(fifty-eighth)Factorization2 × 29Divisors1, 2, 29, 58Greek numeralΝΗ´Roman numeralLVIIIBinary1110102Ternary20113Senary1346Octal728Duodecimal4A12Hexadecimal3A16 58 (fifty-eight) is the natural number following 57 and preceding 59. Mathematics Form Fifty-eight is the seventeenth semiprime[1] and the ninth with 2 as the lo…
Type of sports prototype race car DPi redirects here. Not to be confused with DPI or DP1. A 2018 DPi class competitor, the Acura ARX-05 A Daytona Prototype International (DPi) was a type of sports prototype racing car developed specifically for the International Motor Sports Association's WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, as their top class of car, acting as a direct replacement, and spiritual successor of the Daytona Prototypes. They are named after the main series event, the Rolex 24 at Dayt…
Human settlement in EnglandIbbertonParish church of St EustaceIbbertonLocation within DorsetPopulation101 OS grid referenceST788077Civil parishIbbertonUnitary authorityDorsetShire countyDorsetRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBlandford ForumPostcode districtDT11PoliceDorsetFireDorset and WiltshireAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentNorth Dorset List of places UK England Dorset 50°52′09″N 2°18′12″W / þ…
←→Январь Пн Вт Ср Чт Пт Сб Вс 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2024 год Содержание 1 Праздники и памятные дни 1.1 Религиозные 1.1.1 Православие 1.1.2 Католицизм 1.2 Именины 2 События 2.1 До XX века 2.2 XX век 2.3 XXI век 3 Родились 3.1 До XIX века 3.2 XIX век 3.3 XX век 4 Сконча…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ولاية (توضيح). الولاية (بالإنجليزية: Suzerainty) هي العلاقة التي يكون بمقتضاها سيطرة منطقة أو كيان سياسي ما على السياسة والعلاقات الخارجية لدولة أخرى مع السماح للدولة التابعة في التمتع بحكم ذاتي داخلي.[1] تختلف الهيمنة عن السيادة الحقيقة في ذلك إذ بال…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يناير 2022) اختبار نسبة تحميل كاليفورنيا (بالإنجليزية: California bearing ratio) واختصاراً CBR هو تجربة مخبرية لقياس الضغط اللازم …
2006 live album / DVD by Children of BodomChaos Ridden YearsLive album / DVD by Children of BodomReleased11 October 2006Recorded5 February 2006VenueArenan, Stockholm, SwedenLength1:34:31 (live album)1:35:23 (live DVD)LabelSpinefarmDirectorPatric UllaeusProducerAlexi LaihoChildren of Bodom chronology Are You Dead Yet?(2005) Chaos Ridden Years(2006) Blooddrunk(2008) DVD cover Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1] Chaos Ridden Years is the second live albu…
ألبرتو بيريرا (بالبرتغالية: Costa Pereira) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 22 ديسمبر 1929 نكالا الوفاة 25 أكتوبر 1990 (60 سنة) لشبونة الطول 1.88 م (6 قدم 2 بوصة) مركز اللعب حارس مرمى الجنسية البرتغال مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق نادي ماشاكويني [الإنجليزية] Instituto Portugal Mo…
Chinese scholar, writer and philosopher (1891–1962) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Chinese name, the family name is Hu. Hu Shih胡適Chinese Ambassador to the United States In office29 October 1938 – 1 September 1942Preceded byWang ZhengtingSucceeded byWei Tao-mingChancellor of Peking UniversityIn office1946–1948President of the Aca…
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. بوجا (حسب الأبجدية العالمية للنقحرة السنسكريتية: pūjā، بالديوناكري: पूजा، وحسب الجمعية الصوتية الدولية: [pu:d͡ʒɑ:]) هي شعيرة صلاة يؤديها الهندوس عند الصلاح ليتعبّدوا إلهًا أو أك…
Large bay of Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada For the namesake township, see Georgian Bay, Ontario. Georgian BayBaie Georgienne (French)Waaseyaagami-wiikwed (Ojibwe)Taken on March 20, 2022 with Resourcesat-2Georgian BayCoordinates45°30′N 81°00′W / 45.5°N 81.0°W / 45.5; -81.0Basin countriesCanadaMax. length190 km (120 mi)[citation needed]Max. width80 km (50 mi)[citation needed]Surface area15,000 km2 (5,800 sq&…
Alexandre Courtois Alexandre Courtois vers 1894 Données clés Nom de naissance Alexandre Léonard Courtois Naissance 21 septembre 1848 Ostende Décès janvier 1904 (à 55 ans) Louvain Nationalité belge Pays de résidence Belgique Conjoint Constance Maenhout (1854-1878) Élise Klein Descendants trois enfants modifier Alexandre Courtois, né à Ostende, le 21 septembre 1848 et mort à Louvain, en janvier 1904 est un ex-commissaire de police et un criminel belge qui défraye la chronique en …
American online marketplace ThumbtackType of businessPrivateType of siteConsumer serviceAvailable inEnglishFounded2008; 16 years ago (2008)[1]HeadquartersSan Francisco, CaliforniaFounder(s)Marco ZappacostaJeremy TunnellJonathan SwansonSander DanielsCEOMarco ZappacostaURLthumbtack.comRegistrationOptionalCurrent statusActive Thumbtack is an American home services website. It is an online directory that allows users to search for, rate, and hire local service pro…
2024 Australian Capital Territory general election ← 2020 On or before 19 October 2024 2028 → All 25 seats of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly13 seats needed for a majority Leader Andrew Barr Elizabeth Lee Shane Rattenbury Party Labor Liberal Greens Leader since 11 December 2014 27 October 2020 20 October 2012 Leader's seat Kurrajong Kurrajong Kurrajong Last election 10 seats, 37.8% 9 seats, 33.8% 6 seats, 13.5% Current seats …
Type of computer application This article is about trustless decentralized applications (DApp). For other types of decentralized applications, see Distributed computing. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and rem…
Velodrome Izu VelodromeLocationShizuoka, JapanCoordinates35°00′41″N 139°00′56″E / 35.01146°N 139.01543°E / 35.01146; 139.01543Capacity3,600 (velodrome)Field size250 metresSurfaceWoodConstructionOpened2011ArchitectGensler Architects The Izu Velodrome is a velodrome in Shizuoka, Japan. It has a 250-metre cycling track and spectator facilities for 3,600 people.[1] It was opened in 2011,[2] and was selected as the venue to host the track cycling ev…
جون بريكنريدج (بالإنجليزية: John Breckinridge) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 2 ديسمبر 1760 [1] ستونتون الوفاة 14 ديسمبر 1806 (46 سنة) [1] ليكسينغتون سبب الوفاة سل مكان الدفن مقبرة ليكسينغتون [لغات أخرى] مواطنة الولايات المتحدة مشكلة صحية سل الأولاد…