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Amphiaspidida
Amphiaspidida is a taxon of extinct cyathaspidid heterostracan agnathans whose fossils are restricted to Lower Devonian marine strata of Siberia near the Taimyr Peninsula. Some authorities treat it as a suborder of Cyathaspidiformes,[1] while others treat it as an order in its own right as "Amphiaspidiformes."[2] In life, they are thought to be benthic animals that lived most of their lives mostly buried in the sediment of a series of hypersaline lagoons. Amphiaspids are easily distinguished from other heterostracans in that all of the plates of the cephalothorax armor are fused into a single, muff-like unit, so that the forebody of the living animal would have looked like a potpie or a hot waterbottle with a pair of small, or degenerated eyes sometimes flanked by preorbital openings, a pair of branchial openings for exhaling, and a simple, slit-like, or tube-like mouth. TaxonomyAmphiaspidida is traditionally regarded as the sister-taxon or daughter-taxon of the cyathaspidid family Ctenaspidae (ne "Ctenaspididae"), though no formal shared traits are identified between the two groups.[1] The ctenaspidid cyathaspid, Boothiaspis, of Lower Devonian Canada, was initially described as an amphiaspid. As mentioned earlier, Amphiaspidida is treated as either a suborder of Cyathaspidiformes, or as an order in its own right, sometimes referred to as "Amphiaspidiformes." Regardless of its own status, Amphiaspidida is divided into three superfamilies, Amphiaspidoidei, Hibernaspidoidei, and Siberiaspidoidei. An additional species, Gunaspis orientalis, is treated as Amphiaspidida incertae sedis because it is known only from fragments with distinctive micro-ornamentation. AmphiaspidoideiThe superfamily Amphiaspidoidei contains four families. AmphiaspididaeThis family contains two monotypic genera, including the type genus Amphiaspis, and Amphoraspis EdaphaspididaeThis family is monotypic, and contains the monotypic genus Edaphaspis. GabreyaspididaeThis family contains four genera, Gabreyaspis, Prosarctaspis, Pelaspis, and Tareyaspis. OlbiaspididaeThis family contains three genera, Olbiaspis, Kureykaspis and Angaraspis. HibernaspidoideiThis superfamily contains three families. HibernaspididaeThis family is monotypic, containing only the genus Hibernaspis.  EglonaspididaeThis is a diverse family that contains five genera, including Eglonaspis, Gerronaspis, Lecaniaspis, Empedaspis, and Pelurgaspis. AphataspididaeThis family contains two monotypic genera, Aphataspis and Putoranaspis. SiberiaspidoideiThis superfamily contains two families, Siberiaspididae, and Tuxeraspididae. SiberiaspididaeThis family contains two monotypic genera, Siberiaspis, and Argyriaspis. TuxeraspididaeThis family contains three monotypic genera, Tuxeraspis, Litotaspis, and Dotaspis. Tuxeraspis and Litotaspis are known primarily from fragments and portions of the head-region, while Dotaspis is known from a mostly intact headshield.[3] References
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