Alcohol oxidase

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alcohol oxidase
alcohol oxidase
	Alcohol oxidase homooctamer, Komagataella pastoris
Identifiers
EC no.	1.1.3.13
CAS no.	9073-63-6
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / QuickGO
PMC
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PMC	articles
PubMed	articles
NCBI	proteins

In enzymology, an alcohol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

a primary alcohol + O₂

\rightleftharpoons

an aldehyde + H₂O₂

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are primary alcohol and O₂, whereas its two products are aldehyde and H₂O₂.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of the donor with oxygen as the acceptor. It employs one cofactor, FAD.

Name

The systematic name of this enzyme class is alcohol:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called methanol oxidase and ethanol oxidase. Sometimes, this enzyme is called short-chain alcohol oxidase (SCAO) to differentiate it from long-chain-alcohol oxidase (LCAO), aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) and secondary-alcohol oxidase (SAO).^[1]

Reaction

Alcohol oxidases catalyzes the oxidation of primary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes. Unlike alcohol dehydrogenases, they are unable to catalyze the reverse reaction. This is reflected in their cofactor as well—unlike alcohol dehydrogenases, which use NAD⁺, alcohol oxidases use FAD.^[1] SCAO is capable of oxidizing alcohols with up to 8 carbons, but their primary substrates are methanol and ethanol.

Known inhibitors of this enzyme include H₂O₂, Cu²⁺, phenanthroline, acetamide, potassium cyanide, or cyclopropanone.^[1]

Properties

SCAO is an intracellular enzyme.^[1] Its common source are fungi and yeasts, but it has also been shown to be present in mollusks.^[1]

It appears as an octameric protein, except for SCAO from A. ochraceus, which has been shown to be a tetramer. Each of the subunites is 65-80 kDa. Nine SCAO isoforms have been found in Ogataea methanolica, which has been shown to be a result of different combinations of two different subunits in the octamers, each coded by a different gene.^[1]

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1AHU, 1AHV, 1AHZ, 1VAO, 1W1J, 1W1K, 1W1L, 1W1M, and 2VAO.

Potential use

Several potential uses have been suggested for SCAO:

Biosensors with amperometric detection can be used within beverage testing, fermentation monitoring, methanol and ethanol detection, body fluid screening, and toxicological and phorensic laboratories^[1]
Chemical synthesis of various aldehydes including aroma and flavor chemicals, where it could appear as a cheaper and more eco-friendly alternative to current methods^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Goswami, Pranab; Chinnadayyala, Soma Sekhar R.; Chakraborty, Mitun; Kumar, Adepu Kiran; Kakoti, Ankana (May 2013). "An overview on alcohol oxidases and their potential applications". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 97 (10): 4259–4275. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4842-9. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 23525937. S2CID 253774954.

Janssen FW, Ruelius HW (1968). "Alcohol oxidase, a flavoprotein from several Basidiomycetes species Crystallization by fractional precipitation with polyethylene glycol". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 151 (2): 330–42. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(68)90100-9. PMID 5636370.
Nishida A, Ishihara T, Hiroi T (1987). "Studies on enzymes related to lignan biodegradation". Baiomasu Henkan Keikaku Kenkyu. Hokoku: 38–59.
Suye S (1997). "Purification and properties of alcohol oxidase from Candida methanosorbosa M-2003". Curr. Microbiol. 34 (6): 374–7. doi:10.1007/s002849900198. PMID 9142745. S2CID 28806329.