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Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī (شمس الدين الذهبي), also known as Shams ad-Dīn Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān ibn Qāymāẓ ibn ʿAbdillāh at-Turkumānī al-Fāriqī ad-Dimashqī (5 October 1274 – 3 February 1348[5]) was an Athari theologian,[6]Islamic historian and Hadith scholar.
Life
Of Turkic descent,[7] adh-Dhahabi was born in Damascus. His name, Ibn adh-Dhahabi (son of the goldsmith), reveals his father's profession. He began his study of hadith at age eighteen, travelling from Damascus to Baalbek, Homs, Hama, Aleppo, Nabulus, Cairo, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Hijaz, and elsewhere, before returning to Damascus to teach and write. He authored many works and was widely renown as a perspicuous critic and expert examiner of the hadith. He wrote an encyclopaedic biographical history and was the foremost authority on the canonical readings of the Qur'an. Some of his teachers were women.[8] At Baalbek, Zaynab bint ʿUmar b. al-Kindī was among his most influential teachers.[9]
Adh-Dhahabi lost his sight two years before he died, leaving three children: the eldest, his daughter, Amat al-'Aziz, and his two sons, 'Abd Allah and Abu Hurayra 'Abd al-Rahman. The latter son taught the hadith masters Ibn Nasir-ud-din al-Damishqi[10] and Ibn Hajar, and through them transmitted several works authored or narrated by his father.
Teachers
Among adh-Dhahabi's most notable teachers in hadith, fiqh and aqida:
Ibn al-Zahiri, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah al-Halabi
Al-Dimyati, the foremost Egyptian authority on hadith in his time.[11]
Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, whom he identified in his youth as Abu al-Fath al-Qushayri, later as Ibn Wahb.[12]
Jamal-ud-din Abu al-Ma`ali Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Ansari al-Zamalkani al-Damishqi al-Shafi`i (d. 727), whom he called "Qadi al-Qudat, the Paragon of Islam, the standard-bearer of the Sunna, my shaykh".
Ahmad ibn Ishaq ibn Muhammad al-Abarquhi al-Misri (d. 701), from which al-Dhahabi received the Suhrawardi Sufi path.[13]
Also Shams al-Din Dhahabi has written about bibi Heravi and her famous role in Tarikh al-Kabir.[15]
Works
Adh-Dhahabi authored nearly a hundred works of history, biography and theology. His history of medicine begins with Ancient Greek and Indian practices and practitioners, such as Hippocrates, Galen, etc., through the Pre-Islamic Arabian era, to Prophetic medicine — as revealed by the MuslimprophetMuhammad— to the medical knowledge contained in works of scholars such as Ibn Sina.[16] The following are the better known titles:
Al-Amsar Dhawat al-Athar (Cities Rich in Historical Relics); begins with a description of Madina al-Munawwara.
Al-Tajrid fi Asma' al-Sahaba; dictionary of the Companions of the prophet Muhammad.
Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ. (The Memorial of the Hadith Masters); chronological history of the biography of hadith masters. Ibn Hajar received it from Abu Hurayra ibn adh-Dhahabi.[22]
Tabaqat al-Qurra (Categories of the Qur'anic Scholars); Biographic anthology.
Al-Mu`in fi Tabaqat al-Muhaddithin, a compendium of hadith scholars (Muhaddithin).
Duwal al-Islam (The Islamic Nations); concise political histories of Islamic nations.
Al-Kaba'ir (Cardinal Sins)
Manaaqib Al-imam Abu Hanifa wa saahibayhi Abu Yusuf wa Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan (The Honoured status of Imam Abu Hanifa and his two companions, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad ibn Al-Hasan)
Mizaan-ul-I’tidaal, a reworking of al-Kamil fi Dhu'afa' al-Rijal by Ibn 'Adi al-Jurjani (d. 277 H)[23]
^Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. Pelgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN9781137473578.
^Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). "2: The Demise of 'Ilm al-Kalam". Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Pelgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN978-0-230-10279-8. In fact, the prominent Shafi'ite Athari scholar Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^B. Hallaq, Wael (2016). "5: Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN9780860784562. ...al-Dhahabi, who was a fervent anti-kalam Traditionalist...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. pp. 45, 169. ISBN978-1-4384-5371-2. ..in addition to the Ḥanbalīs, the Atharīs also include a small number of followers of the other three schools of law. ... Such as al-Dhahabī and Ibn Kathīr, both Shāfiʿīs.
^Hoberman, Barry (September–October 1982). "The Battle of Talas", Saudi Aramco World, p. 26-31. Indiana University.
Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). "2: The Demise of 'Ilm al-Kalam". Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: Pelgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN978-0-230-10279-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
B. Hallaq, Wael (2016). "5: Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN9780860784562.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. pp. 45, 169. ISBN978-1-4384-5371-2.
^Fozia Bora, Writing History in the Medieval Islamic World: The Value of Chronicles as Archives, The Early and Medieval Islamic World (London: I. B. Tauris, 2019), p. 38; ISBN978-1-7845-3730-2.
^Emilie Savage-Smith, "Medicine." Taken from Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, Volume 3: Technology, Alchemy and Life Sciences, pg. 928. Ed. Roshdi Rashed. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN0415124123
