Akrabou Formation

Akrabou Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Cenomanian to ?middle Turonian
~93.9–90 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsAgoult, Goulmima, others
OverliesKem Kem Group
Lithology
PrimaryLimestone
Location
Coordinates30°30′N 4°48′W / 30.5°N 4.8°W / 30.5; -4.8
Approximate paleocoordinates17°48′N 4°48′W / 17.8°N 4.8°W / 17.8; -4.8
RegionEr Rachidia
Country Morocco,  Algeria
Extentcentral and eastern Morocco north and south of the Pre-African Trough
Type section
Named byEl Mostafa Ettachfini, Bernard Andreu
Year defined2004
Akrabou Formation is located in Morocco
Akrabou Formation
Akrabou Formation (Morocco)

The Akrabou Formation is a Late Cretaceous (latest Cenomanian to early/mid Turonian)-aged geological formation and Konservat-Lagerstätte in Morocco.[1] It overlies the slightly older freshwater deposits of the Kem Kem Group, which it was once thought to be apart of. It was deposited over following the Kem Kem ecosystem's submergence by the Tethys Ocean during a marine transgression from the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, as part of a wider deposition of carbonate platforms across the region from the event.[2][3][4]

Localities

The Akrabou Formation has outcrops across the Anti-Atlas, but it has two especially prominent localities: Agoult and Goulmima (also known as Asfla). The Agoult locality is also commonly referred to as Gara Sbaa due to it outcropping at the hill of the same name, but this name is also used for the underlying freshwater-based deposit of the Kem Kem Group at the same locality, which may lead to nomenclatural confusion.[5][6] Both localities are considered lagerstätten due to their excellently preserved fossils, but they differ in time period, paleoenvironment, and preservation of fossils.

The Agoult locality is the older of the two and appears to have been deposited around the time of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, dating it to latest Cenomanian or earliest Turonian. It is a plattenkalk that contains excellently preserved two-dimensional fossils of fish, land plants, marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and some terrestrial reptiles. The presence of a significant terrestrial component indicates it was deposited in a shallow marine environment close to shore, although the deposits record the gradual deepening of the habitat as the sea level rose.[7]

In contrast, the Goulmima locality is younger, dating to the early or mid Turonian, and appears to have been deposited in an offshore environment on the continental shelf. Fossils from this locality, which include fish and marine reptiles, are found in concretions and have a unique three-dimensional preservation akin to that of the older Santana Formation in Brazil.[7][8]

In addition, several other localities are also known, some of which cross the border into Algeria, which have a rich fauna of ammonites and nautiloids.[9]

Paleoenvironment

In the basal Agoult horizons of the formation, a number of plant remains are known, which are similar to those found in southern Europe at the same time, suggesting floristic exchanges between northern Africa and southern Europe. Based on these, the paleoclimate of the ecosystem, at least earlier during its deposition, is suggested to have been a mildly dry subtropical climate akin to that of the modern western Canary Islands.[6][7]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Most fish are documented in a species list from Amalfitano et al (2020) & Cooper et al (2023):[10]

Vertebrates

Cartilaginous fish

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Asflapristis A. cristadentis Goulmima Incomplete three-dimensional skeletons, isolated teeth A ptychotrygonid sawskate.[11]
Cretomanta C. sp. Goulmima Isolated teeth A chondrichthyan of uncertain affinties, possibly an aquilolamnid.[8]
Haimirichia H. amonensis Agoult Partial skeleton A haimirichiid mackerel shark.[8]
Ptychodus P. maghrebianus Goulmima Dental battery, isolated teeth A ptychodontid shark.[12]
Ptychotrygon P. rostrispatula Goulmima Incomplete skeletons A ptychotrygonid sawskate.[8]
?Rhinobatos ?R. sp. Goulmima Incomplete cranium A presumed guitarfish.[8]
Squalicorax S. sp. Goulmima Teeth A crow shark.[8]
Tingitanius T. tenuimandibulus Goulmima Three-dimensionally preserved incomplete skeleton of a young individual The oldest known platyrhinid ray.[13]

Bony fish

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Acanthomorpha indet. Agoult Complete specimen A poorly-preserved acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.[14]
Agoultichthys A. chattertoni Agoult Complete specimen A macrosemiid.[15]
Agoultpycnodus A. aldrovandii Agoult Complete specimen A pycnodont.[16]
Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 1 Agoult Undescribed amiiforms in their own family.[5][17]
Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 2
Anomoeodus A. sp. "A" Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.
A. sp. "B"
Armigatus A. oligodentatus Agoult Complete specimens An armigatid clupeomorph.[18]
Belonostomus B. sp. Agoult Complete specimen An aspidorhynchid.
Araripichthys A. corythophorus Goulmima Incomplete specimens with associated skull remains An araripichthyiform.
cf. Chanoidei indet. Agoult Complete specimen A potential chanid.[5]
Cladocyclus C. sp. Agoult An ichthyodectid.[7]
cf. Dercetis cf D. sp. Agoult Complete specimens A dercetid aulopiform.[5]
Enchodus E. sp. Goulmima Incomplete specimens, isolated crania & teeth, An enchodontid aulopiform.
Errachidia E. pentaspinosa Agoult Complete specimen A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.[14]
Goulmimichthys G. arambourgi Goulmima Complete specimen. A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.
Grandemarinus G. gherisiensis Goulmima 3 specimens known, one complete. A gar.[8]
Ghrisichthys G. bardacki Goulmima Isolated cranium An ichthyodectid.[19]
Homalopagus H. multispinosus Agoult Complete specimen A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.[14]
Ichthyodectes I. sp. Goulmima Complete specimen, isolated crania An ichthyodectid.
Lusitanichthys L. africanus Agoult Complete specimen A clupavid otophysan.[20]
Kradimus K. asflaensis Goulmima Complete specimen. A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.[21]
Maghrebichthys M. nelsoni Agoult Complete specimen A pycnosteroidid beardfish.[14]
Neomesturus N. asflaensis Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.[22]
Nursallia N. fenestrata Goulmima A pycnodont[23]
Osmeroides O. rheris Goulmima Isolated crania An osmeroidid albuliform.
Paranursallia P. cavini Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.[22]
Pleuropholis P. danielae Agoult Complete specimen The last known pleuropholid.[24]
Polazzodus P. sp. Goulmima Isolated jaw bones. A pycnodont.[22]
Rhynchodercetis R. sp. Agoult Complete specimens. A dercetid aulopiform.[7]
Saurorhamphus S. sp. Agoult Complete specimens. A eurypholid aulopiform.[7]
Sorbinichthys S. africanus Agoult Complete specimen. A sorbinichthyid clupeomorph.
Teleostei indet. Agoult Complete specimen An indeterminate teleost.[5]
Thorectichthys T. marocensis Agoult Complete specimens. A paraclupeid clupeomorph.
T. rhadinus

Reptiles

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Brachauchenius B. lucasi Goulmima Partial mandible A pliosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.[25]
Libonectes L. morgani (=L. atlasense) Goulmima Articulated skull and post-cranial skeleton. An elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.[26]
Manemergus M. angirostris Goulmima Partially complete skeleton A polycotylid plesiosaur.
Protostegidae indet. Goulmima Carapace, skull Indeterminate protostegid turtles.[3]
Tethysaurus T. nopcsai Goulmima Hundreds of specimens of different age classes, some nearly complete[27] A tethysaurine mosasaur.
Thililua T. longicollis Goulmima Complete skull, lower jaw, and articulated vertebrae A polycotylid plesiosaur.
Polycotylidae indet. Goulmima Skull with mandible An indeterminate polycotylid plesiosaur.[26]
Squamata indet. Agoult Complete specimen A small indeterminate terrestrial lizard, specimen now lost.[7]

Mollusks

Based on Kennedy et al (2008) & Meister et al (2017):[28][9]

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Angulithes A. mermeti Douira, Goulmima & Tazzougert Shells A hercoglossid nautiloid.
Choffaticeras C. segne Goulmima A pseudotissotid ammonite.
C. sinaiticum
Eutrephoceras E. sp. Douira & Taouz A nautilid nautiloid.
Fagesia F. peroni Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
F. cf. tevesthensis
Hoplitoides H. mirabilis Goulmima A hoplitid ammonite.
H. gr. wortmanni
Mammites M. nodosoides Goulmima An acanthoceratid ammonite.
Nannovascoceras N. intermedium Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
Neolobites N. vibrayeanus Agoult, Tazzougert, Taouz, Tizi Momrad An engonoceratid ammonite.
Neoptychites N. cephalotus Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
N. aff. hottingeri Goulmima
Romaniceras (Yubariceras) R. (Y.) reymenti Goulmima An acanthoceratid ammonite.
Thomasites T. rollandi Goulmima A vasoceratid ammonite.
Wrightoceras W. munieri Goulmima A pseudotissotid ammonite.

Arthropods

Partially based on Garassino, Angeli & Pasini (2014):[29]

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Afroapseudes A. cretacicus Agoult A tanaidacean crustacean.[30]
Amazighopsis A. cretacea An astacidean crustacean.[31]
Corazzatocarcinus C. cf. hadjoulae A necrocarcinid crab.
Cretagalathea C. exigua A munidid squat lobster.
Cretapenaeus C. berberus A penaeid prawn.
Galathea G. sahariana A galatheid squat lobster.
?Glyphea G. garaasbaensis A glypheid crustacean.
Mesolimulus M. tafraoutensis Two complete specimens A horseshoe crab.[32]
?Isoptera indet. Complete specimen A potential termite.[33]
Marocarcinus M. pasinii A marocarcinid crab.
Muelleristhes M. africanus Complete specimen A porcelain crab.[29]
Palinuridae indet. Complete specimen A spiny lobster.[34]
Phagophytichnus P. ekowskii Trace fossil Feeding traces on a leaf.[33]
Polyphaga indet. Complete specimen A polyphagan beetle.[33]
Telamonocarcinus T. cf. gambalatus A dorippid crab.
Troponoma T. constricta Trace fossil Trail made by a leafminer.[6]
Unusuropode U. castroi Complete specimen A sphaeromatid isopod, first record of this species outside Brazil.[35]

Plants

Based primarily on Krassilov & Bacchia (2013):[6]

Genus Species Locality Material Notes Image
Abietites[6] A. (Tritaenia) cf. linkii Agoult Needles A conifer.
Barykovia[6] B. cf. tschuckotika Leaf A potentially fagalean angiosperm.
Cocculophyllum[6] C. cf. fucinerve Leaf A climbing angiosperm.
Coniopteris[6] C. cf. Dicksonia mamiyai Leaflet. A fern.
Dryophyllum[6] D. cf. subcretaceum Leaf A potentially fagalean angiosperm.
Frenelopsis[6] F. cf. teixeirae Shoot A cheirolepidiacean conifer.
Garasbahia[6] G. flexuosa Branching shoot with leaves. A cabombacean angiosperm.
Pseudotorellia[6] P. cf. ensiformis Leaf A ginkgoalean.
Sulcatocladus[6] S. cf. robustus Shoot A conifer.
Welwitschiophyllum[6][36] W. sp. Leaf A possible welsitschialean.[36]


References

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